The primary challenge with image processing applications in automated surveillance, medical, and remote sensing is image denoising. Salt-and-pepper noise (SAPN) drastically reduces image quality by randomly changing pixel values with high intensities. At higher noise densities, the fundamental challenge for conventional filtering algorithms is to balance noise suppression and ...

A structure inspired by double-negative metamaterials is reviewed in this study. By employing the Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method, we determine the permittivity and permeability of the review metamaterial unit cell. In the literature survey we had analyzed and characterized metamaterial and revealing a negative real permittivity (?r). The findings suggest that the existing structure ...