A pragmatic and iterative framework for modern embedded systems product design: a case study of a lora based smart city technology enabler

Abstract

This paper presents an iterative framework for embedded systems design, validated through developing a third-generation LoRa-based smart city ecosystem. Traditional linear models fail to address manufacturing constraints and evolving requirements. The proposed framework integrates market benchmarking, manufacturer involvement, simulation, peer review, and data-driven iteration across six phases. Case study results show 68.4 % reduction in sleep current, 600 % range improvement, and 27.3 % cost reduction over three design cycles, achieving 99.2 % production yield. The approach bridges academic research and industrial production, providing a practical blueprint for developing reliable, market-ready IoT products even under academic setups.