3 
I. СИНТАКСИС 
 
1.1. Определение. 
     Синтаксис – раздел науки о языке, изучающий структуру предложения: его 
элементы и связи между ними. 
     Предложение – цепочка слов, обозначающих законченную мысль. 
 
1.2. Классификация. 
     Существует несколько видов предложений: 
 
 
1.3. Простое предложение. 
 
1.3.1. Структура простого распространённого предложения. 
     Простое распространённое предложение состоит из следующих компонентов 
(см. табл.1): 
1. Подлежащее (кто? что?) – основной предмет мысли – находится на первом 
месте в предложении. 
2. Дополнение (кого? что?) – дополнительный предмет мысли – находится на 
третьем месте в предложении. 
Сложноподчинённые 
A person who designs 
houses is an architect. 
Предложения 
Простые 
I design houses. 
Сложные 
Сложносочинённые 
I design houses and he is 
a decorator. 
 4 
                                     Таблица 1 
Структура простого распространенного предложения 
 
Adv. mod = Adverbial modifier 
 
Attribute 
Oпределение= 
статический признак 
какой? 
      Predicate 
Сказуемое= 
Отношение/ 
процесс/действ. 
Subject 
Подлежащее  = 
основной 
объект мысли 
Object 
Дополнение=  
доп-ный 
объект мысли 
 1 2 3 
Adv.mod. 
 Adv. mod. 
 
Обстоя- 
тельство 
Обстоя- 
тельство 
Adv. mod. 
 
Обстоя- 
тельство 
Adv. 
mod. 
Adv. 
mod. 
Обстоя- 
тельство 
4 
0 
 5 
окончание табл.1 
 S P O  
 
 
The firm 
Фирма 
builds 
строит 
tunnels. 
тоннели. 
 
 
 Att +S P Att+O Att +AM 
 
 
A Turkish firm 
Турецкая фирма 
is building 
строит 
a railway terminal 
железнодорожный вокзал 
in our city. 
в нашем 
городе. 
Att/AM Att +S P Att+O AM 
Last year 
В прошлом году 
our firm 
наша фирма 
built 
построила 
a first class airport 
высококлассный аэропорт 
in Brest. 
в Бресте. 
 S P+AM+P Att+O AM 
 
 
We 
Мы 
have already built 
уже построили 
a 22-story tower 
22-x этажный небоскрёб 
 
downtown. 
в центре 
города. 
 
 
  6 
3. Сказуемое (что делать?) – отношение, связь между подлежащим и 
дополнением - располагается между ними на втором месте. 
4. Обстоятельство (где? когда? как?) – место, время, характеристика действия  
или отношения – помещается на периферии предложения (на нулевом или 
четвёртом месте) или рядом со сказуемым. 
5. Определение (какой?) – характеристика предмета мысли (подлежащего, 
дополнения) или обстоятельства. Помещается рядом с определяемым 
словом (перед ним или после него) и образует группу подлежащего (Att+S, 
S+Att), дополнения (Att+O, O+Att), или распространённое обстоятельство 
(Att+Adv.mod, Adv.mod+Att).  
 
1.3.2. Анализ структуры простого предложения. 
 Для интерпретации предложения необходимо провести анализ его 
структуры, т.е. выделить ключевые  элементы: сказуемое, подлежащее, 
дополнение, обстоятельство. 
 
Идентификация сказуемого 
 Определение сказуемого по показателям времени, залога, модальности. 
1. Личные формы глаголов  to be (am, is, are, was, were, will be, shall be, would 
be, should be), to have (has, have, had, will have, shall have), to do (do, does, did, 
will do, shall do). 
     My friend is a civil engineer. 
                       Мой друг – инженер-строитель. 
   We have passed the English exam. 
                       Мы сдали экзамен по английскому языку. 
  The lecturer did not answer the students’ questions. 
                       Лектор не ответил на вопросы студентов. 
                       We shall do the translation next time. 
                       Мы выполним перевод в следующий раз. 
  7 
2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (can/could/to be able to, may/might/to be 
allowed to, must/have to, be to, should, would, ought)   
                      The firm can offer a range of modern building materials. 
                      Эта фирма может предложить  ряд современных строительных   
                      материалов. 
                The students had to take 3 exams. 
                       Студентам пришлось сдавать 3 экзамена. 
  We would like to decorate the house. 
                        Нам бы хотелось отремонтировать дом. 
3. Окончание  -es, -ed глагола. 
 The team consists of 10 builders. 
                       Бригада состоит из 10 строителей. 
 They reconstructed the central street last year. 
                       В прошлом году они реконструировали центральную улицу. 
 
 Примечание1: окончание –es трактуется неоднозначно. 
  Ср: The team consists (состоит) of 10 builders.(глагол в 3 лице) 
         The teams (бригады) consist of 10   builders. (сущ. во мн. числе) 
 Примечание 2: окончание –ed трактуется неоднозначно. 
  Ср: They studied building materials.( глагол-сказуемое в Past Indefinite) 
                           Они изучали строительные материалы. 
          The subjects studied were listed in the time-table. (Причастие II) 
                 Изучаемые предметы были перечислены в расписании. 
 
4. Вторая форма неправильных глаголов. 
         They built a concert hall at the central square. 
                      Они построили концертный зал на центральной площади. 
                           
  8 
 Определение сказуемого по характерным признакам предшествующих и 
последующих членов предложения. 
1. Сказуемое располагается после подлежащего, существительного в общем 
падеже или местоимения в именительном падеже (I, you, he, she, it, we, 
they). 
   Philosophy lectures are very instructive. 
                         Лекции по философии очень содержательны. 
   We have philosophy lectures on Mondays. 
                         У нас лекции по философии по понедельникам. 
2. Сказуемое находится перед дополнением, выраженным существительным в 
общем падеже или местоимением в объектном падеже. 
    The building houses the architecture department. 
                         В здании расположен архитектурный факультет. 
    The lecturer asked them to take notes. 
                          Лектор попросил их делать записи. 
         При отсутствии дополнения сказуемое предшествует обстоятельству,      
         часто существительному/местоимению с предлогом: 
    We went to the dean’s office. 
                               Мы отправились в деканат. 
 
     Идентификация подлежащего 
 Позиция подлежащего может быть занята: 
1. существительным в общем падеже (формальный показатель – артикль) 
The professor is in the lecture theatre. 
Профессор находится в лекционном зале. 
2. местоимением в именительном падеже (I, he, she, it, we, you, they) 
We live in the center of Minsk. 
Мы живем в центре Минска. 
They attend lectures at the Technical University. 
  9 
Они посещают лекции в техническом университете. 
3. инфинитивом глагола 
    To carry out research is necessary. 
                        Необходимо провести исследование. 
4. герундием 
   Translating new patents was an important part of work.  
               Перевод новых патентов был важной частью работы. 
 Подлежащее предшествует сказуемому: 
                The computer design program includes 3 components. 
                Программа компьютерного проектирования включает 3 части. 
 
Идентификация дополнения 
  Позиция дополнения может быть занята: 
1. существительным в общем падеже 
      He decorates houses. 
      Он отделывает дома. 
2. местоимением в объектном падеже 
     We read them (books). 
      Мы их читаем (книги). 
3. герундием 
                     She relies on our coming in time. 
                     Она надеется, что мы придем вовремя. 
 
 Дополнение следует за глаголом-сказуемым. 
I am designing a railway terminal. 
Я проектирую железнодорожный вокзал. 
 
Идентификация обстоятельства 
 Позиция обстоятельства заполняется: 
  10 
1. существительным без предлога 
  Last term we passed 3 exams. 
                    В прошлом семестре мы сдали 3 экзамена. 
2. существительным с предлогом 
  In this paper the author discusses three problems of modern physics. 
                    В этой работе автор обсуждает 3 проблемы современной физики. 
3. наречием, часто с характерным суффиксом –ly 
  Recently we have discussed this problem at the physics lecture. 
                    Недавно мы обсудили эту проблему на лекции по физике. 
4. причастием  
  Delivering the lecture the professor always gave a lot of examples.  
                    Читая лекцию, профессор всегда приводил много примеров. 
5. герундием  
  By introducing modern equipment we reduce the time of construction 
          by 30%. 
          С внедрением нового оборудования мы снижаем время строительства        
           на 30 %. 
6. инфинитивом 
           To obtain good results we must control the experimental conditions. 
           Чтобы получить хорошие результаты, мы должны контролировать   
            условия эксперимента.  
 
 Обстоятельство располагается: 
1. в начале предложения  
Next week we shall have a lecture in chemistry. 
На следующей неделе у нас будет лекция по химии. 
2.  в конце предложения 
The lecture will be held at the 15th teaching block. 
Лекция состоится в 15-ом корпусе. 
  11 
3.   рядом со сказуемым 
He often missed his English classes. 
Он часто пропускал уроки английского языка. 
I have just got a credit in hydraulics. 
Он только что получил зачет по гидравлике.   
 
Идентификация определения    
 Определение может быть выражено: 
1.  прилагательным 
  The laboratory is equipped with new power generators. 
                     Лаборатория оснащена новыми силовыми генераторами.  
2.  существительным 
  Power generation is studied during the first two lectures. 
                    Производство электроэнергии изучается на первых двух лекциях.  
3. местоимением 
  Their project was awarded a prize. 
                    Их проект был удостоен награды. 
4. причастием 
  The equipment installed at the lab was produced in Belarus. 
                    Оборудование, установленное в лаборатории, произведено в Беларуси. 
5. инфинитивом 
  The equipment to be installed in the lab will be delivered tomorrow. 
                     Оборудование, которое нужно установить в лаборатории, будет 
доставлено завтра. 
6.  герундием 
  The curing period depends on the temperature. 
                     Время выдержки зависит от температуры. 
 
 
 
  12 
 
 
Упражнения 
 
I. Определите сказуемое в следующих предложениях, используя показатели в 
форме сказуемого и порядок следования членов предложения. 
1. Our team has delivered the necessary materials to the construction site. 2. The bridge 
crosses the river near the village. 3. The results obtained were analyzed by the post 
graduates. 4. These labs house all the necessary equipment. 5. Our aim is to get all the 
data available. 6. We want to measure the length of these bars. 7. The samples were 
taken to the lab for analysis. 8. They have been building the City Hall for 2 years.         
9. Major expenses in buildings are for land, materials and labour. 10. The students’ first 
duty is to study. 11. The bridge seemed strong and reliable. 12. His task was designing a 
new type of machine. 13. We have finished mixing concrete before the rain. 
 
II. Определите подлежащее в следующих предложениях. 
1. They checked the quality of the building materials every week. 2. The building 
equipment exhibition was held in May. 3. Last year the power engineering industry 
showed a rise by 7%. 4. In 2003 the railway terminal was reconstructed. 5. Concrete has 
become an important construction material. 6. This is the most beautiful part of the city. 
7. To operate new machine-tool was very easy. 8. We are to take five exams at the end 
of this term. 9. Heating, insulation, air conditioning, and lighting have become basic 
parts of  the  architectural  project. 10. Millions speak English  all  over  the  world.    
11. Those were our first lessons of road engineering. 12. Nobody understood the 
importance of his invention at that time. 13. “Excellent” is my usual mark in chemistry. 
14. Seven students didn’t pass their lab works last term. 15. It was a very informative 
article of the well-known scientist. 16. Decreasing the time of construction is our main 
task. 
 
III. Определите дополнение в следующих предложениях. 
  13 
1. The young workers were not allowed to use the new equipment. 2. High labour cost 
influences the choice of techniques and materials. 3. A lot of time is given to studying 
the new method of work. 4. Every student wants to pass his or her exams successfully. 
5. The engineers began discussing the reinforcement of the tower. 6. The scientist is 
always fond of solving complicated problems. 7. The plant produces heavy trucks.       
8. This suggestion didn’t need discussing. 9. We have tested both motor cars. I liked the 
first better than the second. 10. The examiner asked everybody difficult questions.       
11. Engineers always pay much attention to the quality of materials. 12. The students 
were asked to hand over their tests. 13. Who is responsible for unloading the ship?     
14. Have you seen the chief engineer today? – I spoke to him yesterday. 
 
IV. Определите обстоятельство в следующих предложениях. 
1. At the University the students are taught many different subjects. 2. According to the 
new plan the railway will be extended as far as the seaport. 3. They will study this 
subject next term. 4. This material should be treated with great care. 5. Owing to a 
special treatment the resistance of the compound improved. 6. We applied different 
methods to solve this problem. 7. The capacity of the engine has been greatly increased 
recently. 8. It is impossible to reduce the production expenses without using new 
technologies. 9. While mixing the concrete one should observe the right component 
ratio. 10. He drove the car very slowly because of heavy traffic. 11. He found this 
mineral by chance in the mountains many years ago. 12. On arriving at the construction 
site the lorries were immediately unloaded. 13. They examined a lot of metals to choose 
the most suitable one. 
 
V. Найдите в предложениях определения к подлежащему, дополнению и 
обстоятельству. 
1. Architecture should meet requirements of civilized people. 2. Road surface strength 
depends on material quality. 3. The ultimate purpose of building techniques is to create 
a stable structure. 4. The methods used showed high productivity. 5. The teacher was 
  14 
satisfied with the students’ term papers. 6. Advanced technologies must be used to 
increase the scale of production. 7. This cement is suitable for structures to be erected in 
seawater. 8. He has made some mistakes in his calculations. 9. The idea of improving 
the engine came to us after the accident. 10. We were the first to use these methods in 
research work. 11. The questions to be discussed at the conference are of great scientific 
interest. 12. The main object of his research was insulation material properties. 13. They 
obtained unexpected results during the second test. 14. The first bridge carrying such 
loads was built in our country. 
 
1.3.3. Конструкция “There + to be”. 
 Конструкция “There + to be” используется для сообщения о наличии в 
заданном месте некоторого количества неизвестных объектов: 
There are two airports in our capital. 
В нашей столице есть два аэропорта 
There is a big reservoir not far from the town.  
   Недалеко от города есть большое водохранилище. 
       Если указание места отсутствует, предложения переводятся выражениями 
“Имеется…”, “Существует…”. 
  There are several popular building materials. 
  Существует несколько популярных строительных материалов. 
 
1.3.4. Безличные предложения. 
Безличные предложения имеют следующую структуру: 
  It is necessary to… 
  It is difficult to… 
  It is important to… 
“It” является формальным подлежащим и не переводится. 
 It is necessary to repeat this experiment. 
  Необходимо повторить этот эксперимент. 
  15 
1.3.5. Неопределенно-личные предложения 
Неопределенно-личные предложения имеют в качестве подлежащего 
неопределенно-личное местоимение one: 
  One can take this exam on Monday. 
  Можно сдавать этот экзамен в понедельник. 
  One must get all credits by the end of May. 
  Необходимо получить все зачеты к концу мая.   
  One should attend the meeting. 
  Следует посетить это совещание. 
 
1.3.6. Эмфатические (усилительные) предложения 
Для выделения одного из членов предложения его помещают в  
конструкцию It is … that/who: 
  It is my cousin who entered the Technical University. 
  Именно мой двоюродный брат поступил в технический университет. 
  It is the Technical University that my cousin entered. 
  Мой двоюродный брат поступил именно в технический университет. 
  It is last year that my cousin entered the Technical University. 
                    Именно в прошлом году мой двоюродный брат поступил в           
                    технический университет. 
 
Упражнения 
VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод структуры there+to  
be. 
1. There are 16 departments at our university. 2. How many students are there in your 
group? 3. Is there an Extra-Mural Department at the Technical University? 4. There are 
all modern conveniences in the new students’ hostels. 5. There is a modern highway 
between the two capitals. 6. There are several methods of increasing the system 
reliability. 7. There was no opportunity to avoid the discussion of this incident. 8. There 
  16 
will be a great demand for such specialists in the future. 9. There were three types of 
arches in ancient architecture. 10. There was a difficult article to be translated into 
Russian. 11. There haven’t been any troubles with the apparatus for two years.             
12. There exist different opinions on this question. 13. There must be no doubt about the 
engine safety. 14. Are there any questions about this grammar structure?  
 
VII. Переведите предложения. 
Model: It is not easy to study foreign languages. –  
            Не легко изучать иностранные языки. 
1. It is necessary to switch off the light leaving the room. 2. It was rather difficult to 
repair the broken engine. 3. It is useful to take part in research work. 4. It is important to 
calculate the right amount of water in this solution. 5. It was not easy to tunnel the tube 
under the sea. 6. It is impossible to build modern roads without new materials and 
machines. 7. Is it possible to find suitable devices for your experiments? 8. It would be 
difficult to design this bridge without skilled engineers. 9. Is it mandatory to serve in the 
army in your country? 
 
VIII. Переведите предложения. 
Model: One must always observe traffic rules. –  
            Нужно всегда соблюдать правила дорожного движения.  
1. One should study a lot to become a skilled engineer. 2. One may take part in the 
discussion of this problem at the seminar. 3. One can enter the Technical University 
after passing entrance exams. 4. One usually hopes to find a well-paid job after 
graduating from the University. 5. One should be attentive at the lesson. 6. One may 
work in the laboratory only observing certain rules. 7. One should follow the instructions of 
the manual. 8. One mustn’t use mobile phones at the exams. 9. One ought to respect 
elderly people. 10. One cannot use the laboratory without the lab assistant. 11. One 
never knows the thoughts of other people. 12. One should learn all one’s life. 
 
  17 
IX. Переведите предложения. 
Model: It was my colleague who designed this concert hall. –  
Именно (только) опытный механик смог починить мою машину. 
1. It is an architect who designs buildings and makes plans for them. 2. It was my father 
who taught me to drive a car. 3. It was a young engineer who solved this problem. 4. It 
was concrete that replaced timber in bridge construction. 5. It was after the war that 
Minsk acquired its contemporary image. 6. It was bad road conditions that caused this 
accident. 7. It is not until you examine the substance thoroughly that you may use it in 
your research. 8. It is at the Technical University that you can become a qualified power 
engineer. 9. It was new materials that allowed constructing more durable and beautiful 
structures. 10. It was not till he failed the exam that he decided to learn more. 11. It is 
for electrical work that metal ladders must never be used. 12. It is at the construction 
site that prefabricated units are assembled. 
 
1.4. Сложные предложения. 
 
1.4.1. Сложносочиненные предложения.  
Сложносочиненные предложения состоят из двух равноправных 
предложений, которые соединяются союзами and, but. 
The University campus is situated in the center of Minsk, but the Power 
Engineering Department is located in the Vostok district area. 
Университетский городок находится в центре Минска, но факультет 
энергетического строительства располагается в микрорайоне Восток. 
 
1.4.2. Сложноподчинённые предложения. 
      В сложноподчиненном предложении выделяются главное и придаточное 
предложение, при этом придаточное предложение выполняет функцию одного из 
членов предложения: подлежащего, дополнения, сказуемого, обстоятельства или 
определения (см. табл.2). 
  18 
Типы придаточных предложений 
Типы придаточных 
предложений и союзы 
(союзные слова) 
 
Примеры и перевод 
 
 
Подлежащее 
that, who, what, when, whose, 
how, why, whether/ if 
That he has made a mistake is strange. 
То, что он сделал ошибку, странно. 
Who will be the first to pass the exam is not clear. 
Не ясно, кто первый сдаст экзамен. 
It is not known whether (if) they will  enter the 
University. 
Не известно, поступят ли они в университет. 
 
 
Дополнение 
that, where, when, why, how 
The instructor said that I had made a mistake. 
Преподаватель сказал, что я сделал ошибку. 
He wanted to know what we thought about it.  
Он хотел знать, что мы думаем об этом. 
We don’t know where he is. 
Мы не знаем, где он. 
 
Cказуемое 
that, where, when, why, how 
The trouble is that they are not ready for the exam. 
Всё дело в том, что они не готовы к экзамену. 
The problem is where to go. 
Проблема – куда  пойти. 
 
Определительное 
who(m), that, which, whose, Ø 
I know the man whom you invited to the 
conference. 
 Я знаю человека, которого вы пригласили на 
конференцию. 
 This is the paper (which) I sent to my Canadian 
colleague.  
Вот статья, которую я отослал моему 
канадскому коллеге. 
  19 
Обстоятельственное 
 времени  
when, wherever, while, as, after, 
till, until 
The students stood up when the lecturer came. 
Студенты встали, когда вошёл лектор. 
As soon as we got the text, we began translating it. 
Как только мы получили текст, мы начали его 
переводить. 
 места 
 where, wherever 
They like to spend their holidays where they can 
feel comfortable. 
Они любят проводить отпуск там, где чувствуют 
себя комфортно. 
 причины  
as, because, for, since, now that 
He got high grades because he had learnt 
everything.  
Он получил высокую оценку, т.к. все выучил. 
 цели  
in order that, so that 
He turned on the video, so that we could watch a 
film about the USA.  
Он включил видео, чтобы мы могли посмотреть 
фильм о США. 
 образа действия  
as, as if, as through 
You are answering as if you didn’t know the rule. 
Вы отвечаете так, как будто не знаете правило. 
 следствия  
so(that) 
He came to the lecture theatre early so that he got a 
good seat.  
Он пришёл в лекционный зал рано и поэтому 
занял хорошее место. 
 уступительные 
through, although 
Though it was only  7.45 everybody was in the 
lecture theatre.  
Хотя было только 7.45, все уже были в 
лекционном зале. 
 условия  
if, unless, in case, provided (that), 
providing (that) 
She will not fulfill the task unless I  help her. 
Она не выполнит задания, если я ей не помогу. 
  20 
1.4.3. Бессоюзное  подчинение. 
 Придаточные определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения 
нередко присоединяются к главному предложению без соответствующего союза 
(союзного слова), который в переводе должен быть восстановлен. 
I know (that) the exams will start in June.  
Я знаю, что экзамены начнутся в июне. 
Let us list the problems (which) we are going to discuss.  
Давайте перечислим проблемы, которые мы собираемся решить. 
Предлог после глагола переводится перед восстанавливаемым словом «который».  
   The department you are studying at is the oldest at the University. 
   Факультет, на котором вы учитесь, - старейший в университете.   
            The lecturer he is speaking about will come at 5. 
     Лектор, о котором он говорит, придёт в 5. 
 
1.4.4. Условные предложения (Conditionals). 
      Сложноподчиненные предложения условия передают значение желательности 
или возможности действия или процесса. Существует 3 типа условных 
предложений (см. таблицу 3). В типах 2 и 3 глаголы стоят в форме 
сослагательного наклонения: в главном предложении это сложные  формы 
should  
would                     Indefinite Infinitive 
could                      Perfect Infinitive           
might  
в придаточном предложении – простые формы, совпадающие с формой Past 
Indefinite или  Past Perfect глагола.  
Примечание: глагол to be  представлен только в форме were. 
                        If I were a technical student I could take part in this conference. 
Если бы я был студентом технического вуза, я бы мог принять 
участие в конференции. 
без частицы “to”, 
  21 
Таблица 3. Типы условных предложений  
Типы Пример и перевод 
Type I (real)  
 
If they build this power plant they will solve the power supply  
problem in the Republic. - Если они построят эту 
электростанцию, то решат проблему энергоснабжения в 
Республике. 
 
When I am an engineer I shall build the biggest power plant in 
Belarus. - Когда я буду инженером, я построю крупнейшую 
электростанцию в Беларуси. 
Type II 
(unreal present) 
 
 
If they built this power plant they would solve the power supply 
problem in the Republic. Если бы они построили эту 
электростанцию, то решили бы проблему энергоснабжения в 
Республике.  
 
If I were an engineer I would/could answer your question. Если бы 
я был инженером, я бы ответил на ваш вопрос. 
Type III 
(unreal past) 
 
If they had built this power plant last year they would have solved 
the power supply problem in the Republic. - Если бы они 
построили эту электростанцию в прошлом году, они решили 
бы проблему энергоснабжения  в республике. 
инверсия Had they built this plant last year they would have solved the 
power supply problem in Belarus. Если бы они построили эту 
электростанцию в прошлом году, они решили бы проблему 
энергоснабжения  в республике. 
Past Indefinite Would+ Indefinite Infinitive 
Past Indefinite would/could +Indef. Infinitive 
Past Perfect would +Perf. Infinitive 
Present Indefinite Future Indefinite 
Present Indefinite
  
Future Indefinite 
  22 
Упражнения 
 
X. Среди сложных предложений выберите сложноподчиненные предложения и 
переведите их.  
1. Modern building materials are of course very common, but there is still some wood 
and paper in modern homes. 2. When the Empire State Building was built in 1931, it 
was the tallest building in the world. 3. Safety helmets are never made of rubber since 
rubber is a flexible material. 4. Many people in our country now live in separate flats 
and their homes have all modern conveniences. 5. Less than a year after he came to 
Petersburg Lomonosov was sent abroad to study metallurgy and mining. 6. The kitchen 
is often very small, and you never eat or entertain people there. 7. The scientist proved 
that the white light of the sun is composed of rays of light of all colours of the rainbow. 
8. There was very little rain in Egypt and they constructed flat roofs. 9. This road has 
been used for many years but now it needs reconstructing. 10. A man who designs 
buildings and makes plans for them is called an architect. 11. Water is added to the mix 
and its amount affects the strength of the concrete. 12. If the battery is flat you should 
recharge it. 
 
XI. Определите тип придаточных предложений и переведите их на русский язык. 
1. What is important for concrete strength is the correct proportion of aggregates.         
2. Timber beams were used instead of stone blocks since timber is easier to cut and 
transport. 3. The main problem was that we didn’t have suitable machinery to repair the 
road. 4. Blocks of flats are now largely built out of prefabricated units which are often 
assembled actually on the construction site. 5. The shop buildings are also rather 
interesting though they often are identical in form. 6. Its record as the world's tallest 
building has been beaten but the Empire State Building remains uniquely fascinating.    
7. What is important is the correct sequence of building operations. 8. Although their 
buildings were simple in construction, the Egyptian art of building was very beautiful. 
9. The first houses in many parts of the world were made of wood, for those days the 
greater part of the Earth was covered with forests. 10. Although they were built without 
  23 
cement, the remains of a few of them still exist. 11. The country was poor in timber and 
metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite. 12. You will get good 
results if you apply this method of calculation. 13. Concrete is used for building bridges 
because it is rigid. 14. The results of the experiment should be checked before you can 
use them in your report. 15. Don’t touch the wire until you have switched off the power. 
16. If it is a concrete road, the concrete is laid on the top of the gravel. 
 
XII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. 
1. The methods we have just described are very effective. 2. We know electricity 
produces heat. 3. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production 
processes. 4. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations. 5. Every substance a man 
comes in contact with consists of molecules. 6. I think the drawing will be ready by 
tomorrow. 7. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any 
airport. 8. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through   
radiotelescopes. 9. The new materials our chemists developed were used in interior 
decoration. 10. The hostel our students live in is situated not far from the underground 
station. 11. We have already examined the methods we can employ instead the old ones. 
12. The Japanese still measure a room by the number of tatami mats it can contain.     
13. The main reason reinforced concrete is replacing timber is its greater strength.      
14. The concrete properties are influenced by the properties of basic material we use. 
15. The building design depends on its function and the materials it is made of. 16. New 
materials we use in road construction offer many advantages over the materials they 
replace. 
 
XIII. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 
1. If he enters the Technical University he will be able to get the profession of a power 
engineer. 2. When he is in London he will contact the author of the article. 3. If she 
entered the Technical University she would get a good profession. 4. If I were you I’d 
add more water into the mixer. 5. If we had learned the new words we would have 
  24 
translated the text. 6. If this student had passed the exams with his group, he could have 
had a nice holiday in the Crimea. 7. If you mix the ingredients in the right parts you will 
get high quality concrete. 8. If you got the books in the library you could get ready for 
the exam at home. 9. If he had looked through this journal he would/could have found a 
very interesting article in his field of research. 10. If our stay in London were longer we 
could visit Oxford as well. 11. If the students had been more careful, they wouldn't have 
broken the new apparatus. 12. If the engineer had been informed of the results before, 
he would have allowed you to repeat the test. 13. If we had used new methods, we 
would have saved a lot of time. 14. Had you applied your theoretical knowledge to your 
practical work, you would have got different results. 15. If I were in his place, I would 
refuse to stop the experiment. 16. If the mechanic were there, he would repair the 
equipment. 17. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic 
effect would have been increased many times. 18. If they improve the engine’s capacity, 
they will be able to increase the speed of the truck. 19.  Had the proper materials been 
selected, the failure would not have happened. 21. You would never get lost in a new 
city if you had a map of it. 22. If he had taken into account all the properties of 
prestressed concrete, he would have used it in his structure. 
 
XIV. Выберите правильный вариант оформления сказуемого. 
1. The realization of this program for capital construction (will be/would be) possible if 
industrial methods of work were used. 2. Had they met with such difficulties before, 
they (would have known, would know) what to do now. 3. If the oil supply (stops/had 
stopped) even for a moment, serious damage might have resulted. 4. If a solid body 
(were heated/is heated), it will usually expand. 5. If the town is built according to the 
plan, its economy (will have developed/will develop) in a balanced manner. 6. If the 
scientists (find/found) some ways to predict earthquakes, it would be possible to 
evacuate people from the regions and thus save many human lives. 7. If they 
(needed/need) the equipment urgently, we could transport it by plane. 8. If I (were/was) 
in his place, I would refuse to stop the experiment. 9. If it were necessary to increase the 
  25 
speed of this engine, it (could be achieved/could have been achieved) by using a special 
device. 10. The accident would not have happened, if they (had been/were) more 
careful. 
 
XV. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 
1. Если бы у меня был компьютер, я бы мог быстро решить эту задачу. 3. Я 
уверен, что он поможет тебе, если ты попросишь. 4. Если бы у меня было время, я 
бы выучил немецкий язык. 5. Если бы вы приняли меры предосторожности, вы бы 
избежали аварии. 6. Если добавить слишком много воды, бетон будет непрочным. 
7. На вашем месте я бы произвёл измерения несколько раз. 8. Если бы вы 
отремонтировали оборудование, вы бы могли использовать его в вашем 
эксперименте. 9. Если бы покрытие дороги было высокого качества, то возросла 
бы  скорость движения. 10. Если дорожное покрытие будет высокого качества, то 
скорость движения возрастёт. 11. Если бы вы занимались исследовательской 
работой, вы бы поступили в аспирантуру. 
 
  26 
II. МОРФОЛОГИЯ 
 
В настоящем разделе рассматриваются грамматические классы слов или 
части речи и та грамматическая информация (грамматические категории), 
которую передают слова, принадлежащие к соответствующему классу. Так, 
основными и наиболее  многочисленными  классами слов являются 
существительные (a bridge – мост, a tower – башня, an engineer – инженер), 
прилагательные (effective – эффективный, long – длинный, sophisticated –
сложный) и глаголы  (to build – строить, to equip – оборудовать, to recommend 
рекомендовать). При этом существительное передаёт информацию о числе 
предметов (bridges), падеже (the engineer's decision) и определённости (a tower – 
the tower), прилагательное имеет степени сравнения (short – shorter – the shortest), 
в то время как глагол всегда содержит информацию о времени (begins, was 
building, has  changed) и  залоге (were reconstructed, has been designed). 
 
Таблица 4. Основные части речи 
Часть речи Пример 
Существительное/ The Noun (N) a dam – плотина, a crane – кран, development 
– развитие; 
Прилагательное/The Adjective (Adj) long – длинный, effective – эффективный; 
Глагол/Verb (V) to build – строить, to obtain – получать; 
Местоимение/ The Pronoun (Pr) he – он, this – этот, what – что, that – 
который, herself – сама/себя;  
Наречие/ The Adverb (Adv) well – хорошо, widely – широко, eastwards –  
на восток; 
Союз/ The Conjunction (Con) And – и, when – когда, if – если; 
Числительное/ The Numeral (Num) eight – восемь, sixteen – шестнадцать, sixth – 
шестой; 
Предлог/ The Preposition (Prep) to – в, on  – на, out of – из. 
  27 
глагол 
              причастие  герундий    инфинитив 
Кроме основных частей речи выделяют вторичные производные классы 
слов. Так, глагол является исходной формой для трех производных классов: 
причастия, герундия и инфинитива. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
причастие I причастие II   
     
developing 
разрабатывающий 
developed 
разработанный 
built 
построенный 
building 
строительство 
to build 
строить 
designing 
проектируя 
designed 
спроектирован 
broken 
разрушенный 
solving 
растворение 
to solve 
растворять 
                                 
     Каждой из перечисленных частей речи посвящается отдельный раздел 
«Морфологии». В разделе даются: 
1. краткая характеристика части речи; 
2. классификации внутри части речи; 
3. основные грамматические категории; 
4. использование (функции) слов, относящихся к данному классу, в 
предложении; 
5. особые синтаксические конструкции, «обороты», в которых употребляется 
данная часть речи (если таковые имеются); 
6. словообразование (характерные аффиксы.); 
7. производные формы (если таковые имеются). 
V+ing V+ed 3 f V V+ing to + V 
  28 
1. Существительное (The Noun) 
 
1.1. Определение. 
 Существительное – часть речи, обозначающая предметы и явления, мыслимые 
как предметы.  
a hammer – молоток a plan – план research – научная работа 
а bridge – мост Brest – Брест construction – строительство 
 
1.2. Классификация. 
Существительные делятся на несколько классов: 
 
 
1.3.  Категории  существительного. 
1.3.1. Число существительного. 
 Исчисляемые существительные имеют формы единственного и 
множественного числа. Модели, по которым образуются формы множественного 
числа существительных, приведены в таблице 5. 
существительные 
нарицательные собственные 
Minsk 
Belarus 
Peter Brown 
конкретные абстрактные 
исчисляемые 
a tunnel – 
тоннель 
a house- дом 
неисчисляемые 
clay- глина 
concrete- бетон 
glass-стекло 
исчисляемые 
an aim-цель 
a thought-мысль 
a point - точка 
неисчисляемые 
information- 
информация 
work-работа 
  29 
Таблица 5. Множественное число нарицательных существительных 
Способы образования множеств. числа:  Примечания: 
1.  
 
a dam → dams [dæmz] 
clay → clays [kleiz] 
 
a pipe →  pipes [paips] 
a task → tasks [tΛsks] 
 
a press→ presses [presiz] 
a box → boxes [boksiz] 
  
Варианты орфографии: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
2.  
 
a man → men    a tooth → teeth 
 a foot → feet a mouse → mice 
Cоставные существительные: 
● a fireman → firemen 
● a woman-scientist→women-scientists 
   a man-doctor → men-doctors 
3.   
datum→data   phenomenon → phenomena  
 basis →  bases         formula → formuli 
 
4.  
a means (средство)→ means(средства)     
a fish (рыба, одна)→fish (рыба, соб. знач)       
 
 
Но:  fishes – виды/сорта рыбы 
5.                             только ед. число: information  (информация), matter(материя) 
                                 только множ. число: jeans (джинсы), scissors (ножницы). 
                                 но: news  (новости, ед.число). 
[z] 
a mix → mixes 
a press → presses 
 
после 
шипящих и  
свистящих 
согласных 
Ns,ss,ch,sh,x →Nes 
после 
звонких 
согласных и 
гласных 
после глухих 
согласных 
a city → cities 
a factory → factories 
но: clay → clays 
 
N→ N(e)s 
Ny →Nies 
a fresco → frescoes 
но: kilos, photos  
 a knife → knives 
a life → lives 
a leaf → leaves 
Nf(e) → Nves 
a N → N 
Чередование гласной корня 
Уникальные формы 
Cоставные существительные: 
a boiler-house → boiler-houses       но: a passer-by → passers-by 
a schoolboy → schoolboys              a sister-in-law → sisters-in-law 
No → Nes 
Исключения
: 
[s] 
[iz] 
  30 
1.3.2. Падеж существительного. 
     В английском языке существительное имеет 2 падежа: общий и 
притяжательный. Форма притяжательного падежа строится на основе общего 
(словарная форма): 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
В притяжательном падеже употребляются названия людей, групп людей, 
животных, организаций, стран, обозначения временных периодов. 
Mike’s computer – компьютер Миши 
the children’s plan  – план детей 
the dean’s office – кабинет декана 
the firm’s structure – структура фирмы 
the horse’s tail – хвост лошади 
America’s decision – решение Америки 
today’s  exam – сегодняшний экзамен 
yesterday’s lecture – вчерашняя лекция 
 
1.3.3. Категория определённости (употребление артикля). 
Артикль – специальный показатель определённости или неопределенности 
объекта, обозначаемого существительным, в предложении. 
Если объект не известен слушающему, то говорящий употребляет 
неопределённый артикль (a/an) перед нарицательным существительным, если 
речь идёт об одном объекте (You can see a bridge there), или использует 
  
N→N’s 
the engineer → the engineer’s recommendations (рекомендации инженера) 
 Ns→Ns’ 
the engineers → the engineers’ recommendations (рекомендации инженеров) 
но: those men’s job (работа этих мужчин) 
 
 
  31 
существительное без артикля, если объектов несколько  (You can take exams every 
year). 
Если объект известен слушающему, соответствующее существительное 
употребляется с определенным артиклем, поэтому нередко определённый артикль 
может переводиться как «этот», «эти». 
You can see the bridge there. 
Вы можете видеть (этот) мост там. 
 
        Основные случаи употребления артикля с нарицательным существительным 
представлены в таблице 6. 
         Особые случаи употребления артикля в некоторых  синтаксических 
конструкциях: 
a/an:  
 после слов such, quite, what: 
He gave us such a difficult task.  
She is quite a good lecturer. 
What a tall tower! 
 
 в значении «один» перед словами dozen, hundred, thousand, million, hour: 
The device weighs a hundred pounds. 
The experiment will be completed in an hour. 
 
 в устойчивых выражениях a lot of, a great many of, as a matter of fact, as a rule, 
for a long time и др.: 
A lot of new buildings have been built in Minsk. 
 
 в устойчивых словосочетаниях с глаголами to have, to take, to give: to have a 
cold, to have a  good time, to have a rest, to take a shower, и др.: 
I had a long talk with my supervisor.
  32 
Таблица 6. Употребление артиклей с нарицательными существительными 
 a/an Ø the 
объект не известен т.к. 
 упоминается впервые 
 
 единственный объект 
They have built a (new) road 
in our village. 
There is a bridge not far from 
here. 
This is a tunnel. 
It is a construction site. 
My friend is a designer.  
My friend, a designer, lives in 
Riga. 
 
 
 множество объектов: 
They built houses in Belarus. 
 
There are bridges not far from 
here. 
These are modern tunnels. 
They are construction sites. 
My friends are designers. 
My sons, designers, are here. 
 
 вещество 
First they put (some) gravel 
and sand into the mixer. 
The new bridge is made of 
steel and concrete. 
 
 
― 
  33 
 
объект известен т.к. 
 упоминается не впервые 
 
 речевая ситуация  
определяет объект как 
известный 
 
 имеется определение, 
выделяющее объект из 
класса однородных объектов 
 
 
 является уникальным и, 
следовательно, известным 
для говорящего. 
 имеется в виду весь класс 
объектов определённого 
рода 
― ―  
They have built a new road. 
The road is quite expensive. 
The central avenue runs from 
east to west. 
Put the sand into the mixer [at 
a construction site]. 
This is the road 
I told you about yesterday.  
At the exhibition we shall 
demonstrate the most modern 
equipment. 
The Sun is the center of our 
planetary system. 
 
The house is a place for living. 
We have excellent jobs for the 
young. 
  34 
Ø (значимое отсутствие артикля): 
 если существительное имеет определение, выраженное притяжательным, 
указательным, вопросительным или неопределённо-личным местоимением, 
количественным числительным, притяжательным падежом существительного: 
 
This is our University.                                  Some classes were held in the lab. 
This lecture hall is the largest.                     Mary’s course paper is the best. 
What lecture is the most interesting?           We have two lectures today. 
 
 если за существительным следует количественное существительное: 
We shall have our lecture in room 37. 
 
 c существительными – названиями наук: 
His favorite subject is physics. 
 
 c названиями дней недели, месяцев, времён года: 
On Friday the equipment will be installed. 
 
 c именами собственными, названиями городов, стран, континентов, а также с 
именами и фамилиями людей: 
Peter Ford is from Moscow. 
 
 в некоторых устойчивых словосочетаниях: at night, at home, at work, from time to 
time, by air, to have dinner, to go home и др.: 
The turbine will be sent by air. 
 
The: 
 с именами собственными: 
 названиями некоторых стран и городов 
  35 
The United States is situated in North America. 
 названиями сторон света 
The Baltic states are to the north of Belarus. 
но: from east to west, from north to south. 
 обозначениями семьи в целом 
The Browns have been working in construction for a century. 
 
1.4. Функции существительных в предложении. 
 
Существительные могут выполнять в предложении следующие функции 
(см. табл. 7). 
 
Таблица 7. Функции существительных в предложении 
 Функция Пример 
1. Подлежащее 
(subject) 
The house is large and comfortable. 
Дом велик по размерам и  удобен. 
 
2. Часть сказуемого 
(part of a predicate) 
It is a modern house. 
Это современный дом. 
 
3. Дополнение 
(object) 
They are building a house. 
Они строят дом. 
 
4. Определение 
(attribute) 
She designed residence house interiors. 
Она проектировала интерьеры жилых 
зданий. 
5. Обстоятельство 
(adverbial modifier) 
She lives in a log house. 
Она живёт в бревенчатом доме. 
  36 
1.5. Суффиксы существительных. 
 N-or/-er (прибор, деятель):  to mixa mixer – мешалка 
                                                to contracta contractor - подрядчик 
V N-ion (действие):                  to actan action – действие 
                                       to examinean examination – экзамен 
 N-ment (событие, действие):to arrangearrangement – аранжировка 
 
 N-ent/-ant (деятель)        to assistassistant – помощник 
V N-ence/-ance (состояние)  to assistassistance – помощь 
 
V N-al (действие)                  to removeremoval – удаление 
 
V N-ure  (абстр. сущ.)              to presspressure – давление 
 
N N-ship (абстр. сущ.)            a fellowfellowship – членство 
 
A N-th                                      widewidth – ширина 
 
A N-ness                            wetwetness – влажность 
 
A N-(i) ty                            densedensity – плотность 
 
Упражнения 
 
I. Распределите следующие существительные по рубрикам таблицы. 
Minsk, a student, equipment, water, a point, space, a physicist, architecture, a device, 
sand, concrete, matter, Belarus, Mr. Smith, an advantage, time, soil, a building, cement, 
a thought, thinking, a bridge, a reflection, temperature, pressure, a crane, a vehicle,      
an architect, wood. 
  37 
Собственные Конкретные 
исчисляемые 
Конкретные 
неисчисляемые 
Абстрактные 
исчисляемые 
Абстрактные 
неисчисляемые 
Minsk 
 
 
 
a student water a point space 
 
 
II. Прочитайте существительные в форме множественного числа, обращая 
внимание на произношение. 
 
[s] [z] [iz] 
subjects 
achievements 
accidents 
marks 
scientists 
sites 
students 
cracks 
terms 
fields 
inventions 
reasons 
constructions 
tunnels 
 
degrees 
features 
engineers 
lorries 
motorways 
abilities 
buildings 
supplies 
houses 
bridges 
sciences 
branches 
advantages 
sources 
distances 
changes 
 
III. Образуйте формы множественного числа от следующих существительных: 
а) physicist, architect, test, method, system, road, highway, size, introduction, plant, 
temperature; 
b) ability, lorry, city, clay, waterway, country, opportunity, trolley, property, territory, 
story, supply, ray; 
c) stress, finish, bench, polish, cross, varnish, arch, torch; 
d) photo, kilo, potato, piano, tomato, grotto, fresco; 
e) shelf, knife, roof, life, wife, motif; 
 
 
  38 
IV. Завершите таблицу форм единственного и множественного числа. 
Singular Plural Singular Plural 
particle particles workshop  
 devices  shelves 
plan  improvement  
 industries  components 
photo  equation  
object  property  
 
V. a) Замените существительные с предлогом of формой притяжательного 
падежа. 
       Model: The study of my father.→  
My father's study. 
1. The birthday of my brother. 2. The new dictionary of the student. 3. The question of 
the teacher. 4. The books of the boys. 5. The crew of the ship. 6. The order of the 
commander-in-chief. 7. The new house of my brother-in-law. 8. The speech of the 
President. 9. The answers of the students. 10. The streets of our city. 11. The plan of the 
architect. 12. The architectural image of Minsk. 13. The boundaries of the city. 14. The 
life of the student. 15. The opinion of the chief engineer. 16. The program of two 
months. 17. The decision of the government. 
 
b) Замените форму притяжательного падежа существительным с предлогом of.  
       Model: The doctor's address. → 
The address of the doctor.  
1. The chief’s instructions. 2. My elder sister's son. 3. The students'  textbooks. 4. The 
teacher's new book. 5. The dean's opinion. 6. His friends' cars. 7. The girl's new 
computer. 8. My younger sister's profession. 9. The teachers' holiday. 10. The country's 
best theatre. 11. My friend's parents. 12. My friends’ arrival. 13. My collegue’s hobby. 
14. Three weeks’ holiday. 15. The country’s economy. 
  39 
VI. Вставьте артикли a/an, the там, где это необходимо. 
1. There is … hostel opposite … University. 2. … most popular sport in our country is 
football. 3. I like … chemistry better than … physics. 4. … last night … moon was 
shining brightly. 5. … Nile flows into … Mediterranean. 6. My younger sister's husband 
is … accountant. 7. Don't sit on … grass. It's very wet. 8. … Europe and … America are 
separated by … Atlantic Ocean. 9. … London is … largest city in … England.  10. My 
mother is … engineer. 11. She is studying … hydraulics at the University. 12. I am 
going to … United States … next year.  13. … St. Petersburg was founded on … banks 
of … Neva by Peter … Great. 14. … winter begins in … December. 15. There is … 
power plant not far from our … city. 16.  … power plant is … largest in our country.  
17. … Browns spend their holidays in … Italy. 18. His friend is such … good civil 
engineer. 19. … room 37 is on … 3d floor. 20. … February is … shortest month of the 
year. 
 
VII. Определите функции существительных в предложении. 
1. Concrete is a mixture of cement, water and aggregate. 2. Aggregate is composed of 
rock particles. 3. Vehicles, their drivers and passengers are carried inside double-deck 
wagons. 4. In the event of emergency or train breakdown the passengers will leave the 
train through the cross-passage into the service tunnel. 5. The service tunnel also 
ventilates the train tunnels with fresh air. 6. Folkstone is a seaside town which is also a 
cross-channel port. 7. George Stephenson is a railway locomotive inventor and pioneer 
of the railway. 8. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation. 9. Scientific 
and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man. 10. The driver has 
changed the direction of the motion of the bus. 
 
 VIII. Найдите существительные в приведённом ниже списке: 
manufacture, transition, variable, wider, inventor, satisfy, effective, dependence, mean, 
affected, relationship, economics, opposite, emergency, lengthen, relevance, 
investigation, fitness, roadless. 
  40 
2. Местоимение (The Pronoun) 
2.1. Определение. 
     Местоимение – часть речи, употребляемая вместо существительного при 
необходимости его повторного употребления. 
 
2.2. Классификация. 
     Местоимения представлены в языке большим разнообразием классов, 
перечисленных в таблице 8. 
 
Таблица 8. Типы местоимений (Pronoun types) 
1. Личные  2. Притяжательные 3. Возвратные и 
усилительные Именит. п. Объектн. п. Присоед. Абсолютн. 
I me my mine myself 
You you your yours yourself 
He 
She 
It 
him 
her 
it 
his 
her 
its 
his 
hers 
its 
himself 
herself 
itself 
We us our ours ourselves 
You you your yours yourselves 
They them their theirs themselves 
4. Указательные this/these, that/those, such, the same 
5.  Вопросительные Who, Whom, Whose, What, Which 
6. Относительные и 
соединительные 
who, whose, what, which, that 
7. Взаимные each other, one another 
8. Неопределённые some, any, one, all, each, every, other, another, both, 
many, much, little, a little, few, a few, either, neither, no, 
none 
  41 
2.3. Употребление местоимений в предложении. 
    Каждый из типов местоимений может использоваться в предложении особым 
образом. 
 
2.3.1. Личные местоимения. 
   Личные местоимения имеют 2 формы. Именительный падеж используется, если 
местоимение выполняет роль подлежащего, объектный падеж – роль дополнения: 
                   He is a good engineer. 
                   Он – хороший инженер. 
                   The teacher explained the rule to him. 
                   Учитель объяснял ему это правило. 
   Личное местоимение it (он, она, оно) необходимо отличать от других 
омонимичных форм: 
a) личное местоимение          
         The bridge is quite new. It was built in 1996. 
         Мост довольно новый. Он был построен в 1996 году. 
б) неопределенное  местоимение в безличных предложениях 
          It is necessary to build a new airport.  
                   Необходимо построить новый аэропорт. 
в) указательное местоимение 
                  We have designed a new railway terminal. It was a challenge for our firm. 
          Мы построили новый железнодорожный вокзал. Для нашей фирмы    
                   это была трудная, но интересная задача.  
 
2.3.2. Притяжательные местоимения. 
     Притяжательные местоимения преимущественно используются как 
определения к существительному: 
Our task is difficult.  - Наша задача трудная. 
 
  42 
     Если существительное опускается, используется абсолютная форма: 
His results are good, but yours are better. 
Его результаты хорошие, но ваши – лучше. 
The car is mine.  – Эта машина – моя. 
 
2.3.3. Указательные местоимения. 
     Указательные местоимения в основном используются как определения: 
He built these tunnels. 
Он построил эти тоннели. 
That equipment must be installed as quickly as possible. 
То оборудование должно быть установлено как можно скорее. 
     Указательное местоимение that (those) необходимо отличать от других 
омонимичных форм: 
a) указательное местоимение that/those (тот, та, то, те) 
That bridge is more suitable.  
Этот мост более подходящий. 
б) слово, заменяющее предшествующее существительное 
Some properties of air are similar to those of water.  
Некоторые свойства воздуха аналогичны свойствам воды. 
в) союз, вводящий придаточные дополнительное и подлежащее 
We know that he is a good engineer.  
Мы знаем, что он хороший инженер. 
That these students will become good specialists is certain. 
То, что эти студенты станут хорошими специалистами, не вызывает  
сомнения. 
г) союзное слово, вводящее придаточное определительное предложение         
Here is the house that was built by our company in 2000. 
Вот дом, который был построен нашей компанией в 2000 году.               
д) элемент конструкции “It is … that” 
  43 
It is the airport that must be shown to the expert. 
Именно этот аэропорт следует показать эксперту. 
 
2.3.4. Неопределённые местоимения. 
   Some/any (немного, некоторое количество, несколько) и их производные              
          something/somebody/someone, anything/anybody/anyone  
Таблица 9. Употребление местоимений some/any и их производных 
 Some+ Any+ 
В утверди-
тельном 
предло-
жении. 
 
They got some new trucks. - Они 
получили несколько новых 
грузовиков. 
 
а) В значении «любой». 
You can take any truck you 
like. - Вы можете получить 
любой грузовик, который 
вам нравится. 
б) в условных предложениях. 
If anything happens, our 
mechanic will help you. – Если 
что-нибудь случится, наш 
механик поможет вам. 
В отрица-
тельном 
предло-
жении. 
__ They didn’t get any new 
trucks. - Они не получили 
новых грузовиков. 
В вопроси-
тельном 
предло-
жении. 
В побудительных и специальных 
вопросах. 
May I ask you some questions? – 
Можно задать несколько 
вопросов? 
Where can I get some water? – Где 
можно взять немного воды? 
В общих вопросах. 
Did they get any new trucks? - 
Они получили новые 
грузовики? 
Is anyone ready to answer the 
question? – Кто-нибудь готов 
ответить на вопрос? 
  44 
         Many/ much, few/ little (много, немного, мало) 
          A few/ a little  (немного, несколько = достаточно) 
 
Таблица 10. Употребление местоимений many/ much, (a)few/(a) little 
С исчисляемыми существительными С неисчисляемыми существительными 
Many bridges across the river are of 
modern design. - Многие мосты через 
эту реку сделаны по современным 
проектам. 
You need much patience to learn all 
these words. - Чтобы выучить эти 
слова, вам надо много терпения. 
There are few tunnels in this part of the 
country. - В этой части страны имеется 
мало тоннелей. 
There is too little water in the mixture. – 
В растворе слишком мало воды. 
We have a few tasks to fulfill. - Нам 
надо выполнить несколько заданий. 
Add a little water to the mixture. - 
Добавьте в смесь немного воды. 
 
  
         One (все, включая говорящего)      
                        One should attend all English lessons.  
                        Следует посещать все уроки английского языка. 
                        One must perform one’s task.  
                        Надо выполнять свое задание. 
      Неопределенное местоимение one необходимо отличать от других 
омонимичных форм:         
а) числительное      
                       The workers have unloaded only one lorry.  
                       Рабочие разгрузили только один грузовик. 
 б) слово-заменитель   
                       New engines are more efficient than the old ones. 
                       Новые двигатели производительнее старых. 
  45 
Упражнения 
 
I. Найдите местоимения и определите их функции в предложении. Переведите 
предложения. 
1. She translated this text without any mistakes. 2. Everybody considers his invention 
useful. 3. If your car breaks down, you may use mine. 4. They will be glad to explain 
these rules to you. 5. Your task is rather complicated but it should be done as soon as 
possible. 6. Scientists knew little about those phenomena before his discovery. 7. I can 
repair this device myself. 8. We obtained this substance in our laboratory. It will be 
used in our experiments. 9. Nobody could give such information to us. 10. You have 
added too much water to the concrete. It will not harden. 11. Everyone knew that the 
best design was hers. 12. They offered me any help in my research. 13. Both buildings 
were designed by the same architect. 14. If you have few instruments, we can give you 
another laboratory. 15. The students made all measurements and calculations 
themselves. 
 
II. Вставьте местоимения much/many, little/few, a little/a few. 
There are ... high buildings in the center of Minsk. 2. Do you know ... or ... about your 
future profession? 3. He has … knowledge of the subject because he reads a lot. 4. You 
will require … facts to prove your theory. 5. In the library we have only … books on this 
problem. 6. They gave us very … information about the new material. 7. A young 
engineer has … opportunities to find a good job. 8. The student was asked only … extra 
questions at the exam. 9. I shall be ready in a minute. I need … time to review the words. 
10. Are there … computers in your laboratory? 11. Our University has … facilities for 
sport. 12. Can you give me … time to complete the experiment? 13. He said only … 
sentences about his new project. 14. The new design still needs … improvement. 15. The 
new railway station building should fulfill … practical as well as expressive requirements 
of civilized people. 16. You can add only … water in the mixture to make concrete harder. 
  46 
17. I need … nails to fix this small picture on the wall. 18. If you apply … glue the box 
can be broken. 
 
III. Вставьте местоимения some, any, no или их производные. 
1. If there are … words you don’t know, you may use a dictionary. 2. Do you have … 
work to do? 3. The teacher explained the new task very clearly and the students had … 
questions. 4. Are there … explanations of this phenomenon? 5. You may employ … 
methods to solve this complex problem. 6. Would you like to visit … research 
laboratories? 7. There was … opportunity to construct the bridge without new materials.  
8. We could get there only by ferry because there was … tunnel under the channel at that 
time. 9. If you have … to read, I can offer you some English newspapers. 10. It seems that 
he knows … important about the test results. 11. We didn’t find out … new about the 
substance properties during the experiment. 12.  The architect wanted to change … in his 
project. 13. The road engineers will have to do … with this damaged part of the highway. 
14. Is there … you can improve in your report? 
 
IV. Определите, в каких предложениях it является личным местоимением. 
1. Concrete is used for building bridges because it is rigid and durable. 2. It is 
interesting to study foreign languages. 3. A new tunnel was built in the region. It is the 
longest in Europe. 4. It is difficult to translate this text. It has a lot of special terms. 5. It 
is necessary to test the engine. It is of new design. 6. The road needs reconstruction. It 
was damaged by a heavy flood. 7. It was important to replace the heating system. It is 
old and unreliable. 8. The temperature should be maintained at the same level all the 
time. It is essential for our experiment. 9. The research was carried out in our 
laboratory. It was a success. 
 
V. Определите, в каких предложениях that является указательным 
местоимением. 
1. The capacity of new power stations is much higher than that of the old ones.     
  47 
2. That highway was reconstructed some years ago. 3. The engineer was quite sure that 
the strength of that material could be improved. 4. That the mechanic didn’t check the 
break system   is   impossible. 5. That mechanic can check the oil  level  in your  car  
engine. 6. The density of wood is less than that of concrete. 7. The details that have 
been damaged should be replaced immediately. 8. Nobody was responsible for that 
accident. 9. That air conditioning system will be installed in our laboratory. 
 
VI. Определите, в каких предложениях one является местоимением. 
1. One should study a lot to become a good engineer. 2. New measuring instruments are 
more accurate than the old ones. 3. One must prove one’s theory with convincing facts. 
4. One of the students tested a new method of concrete mixing. 5. One should work at 
the construction site at least one or two years. 6. After the road pavement was improved 
one can easily drive at high speed. 7. Sometimes one faulty detail can cause damage of 
the whole structure. 8. Diesel engine is more economical than petrol one. 9. One must 
observe safety rules. 10. We shall repeat one of those experiments. 11. One can use 
concrete and glass in the airport design. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  48 
3. Прилагательное (The Adjective) 
 
3.1. Определение. 
     Прилагательные –  класс слов, обозначающих свойство, качество или 
отношение:   long – длинный   reliable – надёжный  
       expensive – дорогой  heavy –тяжёлый 
 
3.2. Категории прилагательного. 
3.2.1. Категория сравнения. 
 Многие прилагательное имеют 3 формы: положительную, сравнительную и 
превосходную. 
Таблица 11. Степени сравнения прилагательных (Degrees of comparison) 
Структурные типы 
прилагательных 
Положительная 
степень 
Сравнительная 
степень 
Превосходная 
степень 
1. Односложные и     
двусложные 
small 
large 
big 
easy 
smaller 
larger 
bigger 
easier 
the smallest 
the largest 
the biggest 
the easiest 
2. Многосложные* important 
effective 
more important 
more effective 
the most important 
the most effective 
3. Исключения good 
bad 
much/many 
little 
far 
better 
worse 
more 
less 
farther/further 
the best 
the worst 
the most 
the least 
the farthest/the furthest 
*Примечание: Некоторые двусложные прилагательные могут образовывать 
степени сравнения обоими способами:   
             simple – simpler/more simple – the simplest/the most simple 
             narrow – narrower/ more narrow – the narrowest/ the most narrow 
  49 
3.3. Употребление прилагательных в предложении. 
Таблица 12.  Сравнительные конструкции 
As…as – такой же..., как…, 
 
As high as 2 m       Высотой 2 метра  
As wide as 5 km      Шириной 5 км 
As heavy as 8 kilos  Весом 8 кг 
As long as 4 cm        Длиной 4 см 
Twice as… as – в два раза 
 
 
Three times as … as  - в три раза 
 
 
The same as – такой же…, 
English is as important as chemistry. 
Английский язык так же важен, как химия. 
The tower is as high as 83 m. 
Башня имеет высоту 83 м. 
The highway is as long as 25 km. 
Эта магистраль имеет длину 25 км. 
Oil is twice as expensive as it was two years 
ago. – Нефть стоит в два раза дороже, чем 
два года назад. 
Our University is three times as big as   
yours. – Наш университет в три раза 
больше, чем ваш. 
He got the same result as me. – Он получил 
такой же результат, как и я. 
Not as (so)…as –не такой, как  Timber is not as strong as concrete. 
Дерево не такое прочное, как бетон. 
>more… than – больше, чем 
 
<less … than – меньше, чем 
 
 
older than – старше, чем … 
 
more beautiful than – красивее, 
чем… 
I know more English words than you. 
Я знаю больше английских слов, чем ты. 
We spent less time on the experiment than 
you. – Мы потратили на эксперимент 
меньше времени, чем вы. 
My brother is older than me. – Мой брат 
старше, чем я. 
Our town is more beautiful than yours. 
Наш город красивее, чем ваш. 
The…, the… - чем …, тем  
 
The more expensive the car, the better it is. – 
Чем  дороже машина, тем она лучше. 
  50 
3.4. Суффиксы прилагательных. 
 
V A ive        to act  active – активный 
 A ble/ible  to rely  reliable – надёжный 
                              to permit  permissible – допустимый 
V  A ant/ent       to persist  persistent – настойчивый 
N  A ous            norm  enormous – огромный 
N  A ful/less      powerpowerful/ powerless – мощный/беспомощный 
N  A ic               dynamo  dynamic – динамичный 
N A al                nation  national – национальный 
 
Упражнения 
 
I. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на степени сравнения  
прилагательных. 
the most dangerous road  a more careful driver 
a shorter distance further development 
the most interesting solution  a more crowded street 
the happiest people   a cheaper source of power 
the coldest season of the year the best quality 
 
II.  Образуйте от прилагательных сравнительную степень и переведите 
словосочетания. 
suitable equipment a difficult task 
clean air an old device 
an advanced technology a heavy vehicle 
a smooth surface valuable goods 
convenient traffic qualified specialists 
a short report high standards 
  51 
III. Образуйте от прилагательных превосходную степень и переведите 
словосочетания. 
a great  invention a warm season 
an interesting  experiment an outstanding scientist 
available building materials skilled engineers 
an independent decision a secure structure 
 
IV. Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами. 
Broad   
 harder  
  the most common 
 drier  
Narrow   
  the closest 
 more powerful  
Simple   
  the flattest 
Successful   
 
 
V. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сравнительные 
конструкции. 
1. The profession of a teacher is as interesting as that of an engineer. 2. The book is as 
interesting as the film. 3. July is as warm as August. 4. This device worked twice as 
long as that one. 5. Gas is not so expensive as oil. 6. The road bridge is not so old as the 
rail bridge. 7. You’ll take the same exams as us. 8. The bridge is as long as 2 km and as 
wide as 30m. 9. The city centre is more crowded than the suburbs. 10. This engine is 
more reliable than the previous one. 11. The avenue is wider than the street. 12. The 
Baltic Sea is colder than the Black sea. 13. The younger you are, the easier it is to learn. 
  52 
14. The less luggage you take while travelling, the better. 15. The longer we waited, the 
more impatient we became. 
 
 VI. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную форму прилагательного. 
1. Moscow is (large) than Minsk. 2. December the twenty second is (short) day of the 
year. 3. This is (beautiful) house in the center of the city. 4. He is (good) student of the 
group. 5. Their house in the country is (comfortable) than their flat in the town. 6. Cities 
in Scotland are (small) than cities in England. 7. His method of investigation is 
(efficient) than the old one. 8. The British Parliament is (old) in the world. 9. The (little) 
you eat, the (quick) you lose weight. 10. The (quick) you translate from English, the 
(easy) you can get the necessary information. 11. The (much) we speak English the 
(good). 
 
VII. Сравните различные материалы и предметы. Составьте предложения. 
              Model А:  a car/ a bus (small) – 
A car is smaller than a bus. 
 
1. glass/wood (brittle);           6. wood/concrete (heavy); 
2. steel/gold (expensive);        7. stone/wood (durable); 
3. rubber/steel (flexible);        8. concrete/plastic (rigid); 
4. wood/iron (hard);             9. glass/plastic (light); 
5. a car/ a bicycle ( noisy);      10. paper/brick (combustible). 
                        
              Model В:  Object A is 3.25 m long. Object B is 1.25 m long. –  
                                Object A is 2 m longer than object B. 
 
1. Building A is 25 m high. Building B is 28 m high. 2. Road A is 10 m wide. Road B is 
17 m wide. 3. Product A is as expensive as $57. Product B is as expensive as $114.      
4. Canadian National Tower is as high as 553.5 metres. Eiffel Tower is as high as 
  53 
320,75 m  5. Empire State Building in New York is as high as 449 metres. Sears Tower 
in Chicago is as high as 520 metres. 6.  Panama Canal is as wide as 150m. Suez Canal is 
as wide as 200m. 7. Canadian Pacific Railroad is as long as 4,633 km. Trans-Siberian 
Railroad is as long as 9, 000 km.   
   
 VIII. Сравните возраст и население городов, используя различные сравнительные 
конструкции. Ответьте на вопросы. 
 
1. Minsk and New York;                       4. Washington and Minsk;                      
2. New York and Moscow;                    5. Minsk and your native town; 
3. Moscow and Minsk;                           6. Washington and your native town. 
 
City Year of foundation Population  
Minsk 1067 1.8 mln  
Moscow 1147 8.305  mln  
Washington 1791 0.580 mln  
New York 1626 8.1  mln  
Your native town    
 
1. What city is the oldest?  
2. What city is the youngest? 
3. What city is the largest? 
4. What city is the smallest? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  54 
4. Числительное (The Numerals) 
4.1. Определение. 
     Числительные – класс слов, обозначающих количество объектов или их 
порядковый номер. 
4.2. Классификация. 
     Существуют 2 типа числительных: количественные и порядковые. 
 Количественные числительные Порядковые числительные 
1 one the first 
2 two the second 
3 three the third 
  four the fourth 
5 five the fifth 
6 six the sixth 
7 seven the seventh 
8 eight the eighth 
9 nine the ninth 
10 ten the tenth 
11 eleven the eleventh 
12 twelve the twelfth 
13 thirteen the thirteenth 
20 twenty the twentieth 
21 twenty-one the twenty first 
30 thirty the thirtieth 
40 forty the fortieth 
53 fifty-three the fifty third 
100 one hundred (a hundred) the one hundredth 
101 one hundred and one the one  hundred and first 
1,000 – one thousand (a thousand); 
1,567 – one thousand five hundred and sixty seven; 
  55 
2,148,506 - two million one hundred and forty-eight thousand five hundred and six;                      
1,000,000,000 – a (one) milliard (Brit.), a billion (Amer.). 
 
4.3. Чтение  дробей. 
Простые дроби Десятичные дроби 
2
1
 − a half;  
3
1
 – a third; 
4
1
 – a (one) quarter (a fourth); 
3
2
 – two thirds; 
4
3
 – three-quarters;  
8
5
 – five-eights; 
2
1
1  – one and a half; 
8
3
5  – five and three eighths; 
0.5 – nought point five or point five; 
0.53 – point five three; 
23.41 – twenty three point four one; 
34.56  – thirty four point fifty six; 
46.758 – forty six point seven five eight; 
Примечание: Дробная часть в английском 
языке отделяется точкой (point) (2.3). 
Запятой отделяются тысячи и миллионы 
(1,052,388). 
 
4.4. Чтение цифры 0. 
–zero при обозначении температуры:  
-3°  – three degrees below zero 
–0[ou] при обозначении номеров телефонов:  
367705  –  three six double seven o five 
–nought, zero или 0 в десятичных дробях:   
0.05 point zero five                               
–nought – для обозначения баллов на экзамене:  
I got nought out of ten.                        
–nil для определения счёта в спортивных играх:  3-0 three-nil 
  56 
4.5. Хронологические даты. 
In 1900 – in nineteen hundred; in 2000 – in twenty hundred; 
In 1874 – in eighteen seventy-four; 
In 1905 – in nineteen five или in nineteen (hundred) o [ou] five; 
In 2002 - in twenty o [ou] two; 
On the 11th of January, 1996 – on the eleventh of January, nineteen ninety-six; 
September 1, 2005 – the first of September, twenty (hundred) and five. 
 
4.6. Математические действия. 
5+23=28 – five plus twenty-three is twenty-eight; 
67-12=55 – sixty-seven minus twelve is (makes) fifty-five; 
8×3=24 – eight multiplied by three is twenty-four or  
 eight times three is (is equal to) twenty-four; 
18÷ 3=6 – eighteen divided by three is (equals) six; 
16 =4 – the square (second) root of 16 is 4; 
3 9  – the cube root of  nine; 
n 12  – the n-th root of twelve ; 
4² – four square (squared); 
7³ – seven cubed or seven to the power of three; 
(  ) – round brackets, parentheses; 
A′ – A prime; A″ -  A second (double) prime; 
P′1  – P sub one prime; P prime sub one; 
P2 – P sub two; P second; 
∞ – infinity; 
U=x²    – U is equal to (equals) the second power of x; 
F=m∙a – Force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration; 
Y=f(x) – y is a function of x; 
2
1
bh – a half of the product bh; 
  57 
U=  
21
1
x
  – U is equal to the ratio of one to one plus x square; 
d²=(x1-x2)²+(y1-y2)²    – d square is equal to, round brackets opened, x sub one minus x 
sub two, round brackets closed, square, plus, round brackets opened, y sub one minus y 
sub two, round brackets closed, square; 

m
n
 – the integral from n to m; the integral between the limits n and m; 
L= 22 xR   – capital L equals the square root out of capital R square plus minus x 
square; 
 
Упражнения 
I. Произнесите и напишите по-английски следующие цифры: 
28; 359; 6,924; 73,861; 846,735; 3,785,502; 92,586,245; 697,573,121; 
3
1
; 0.3; 0.001; 
5
2
; 2.5; 
8
1
; 0.08; 
9
6
3 ; 6.78; 25.745; 62; 453; 
8
3
73 ; 27 ; 3 96 ; n 54 ; X′; Z″; 
II. Произнесите и запишите цифрами следующие числительные и даты: 
a) thirty-three; ninety-seven; one hundred and seventy-four; eight hundred and one; 
nine hundred and thirteen; fifty-two thousand three hundred and forty-nine; seven 
hundred and ten thousand six hundred and twenty-three; one million seven hundred and 
fifty four thousand three hundred and twenty one; three thousand four hundred and two; 
b) point nought two; a half; two thirds; five eighths; one point eight two six; three and 
three quarters; eight and seven ninths; thirty-five point nought seven three; point six; 
c) five squared; nine cubed; six to the power of four; seventy to the power of five; 
d) the square root of ten; the cube root of ninety-one; the second root of sixteen; 
e) January the first , eighteen fifty-six; October the twenty-first, eighteen thirty-three; 
May the ninth, nineteen forty-five; the tenth of March, eighteen hundred;  
III. Назовите указанные действия и запишите результат: 
1) 12×8=         2) 144÷12=        3) 0.5×6.23=            4) ⅞ ­ ⅝=          5) ⅔+¼×5²= 
6) 28×3=         7) 3,546÷2=       8) 2.05+9.29=          9) 3/7 – 2/5=    10) 3³×7² - 5²= 
11) 56+√16=   12) ³√9÷2=       13) 87.09+ 74.35=   14) 2/9×⅓=       15) (6²-2³)×7= 
  58 
5. Глагол (The Verb) 
 
5.1. Определение. 
     Глагол – часть речи, объединяющая слова, обозначающие действия, процессы, 
состояния и отношения:  
to design – проектировать    to undulate – колебаться 
to mix – смешивать               to exist – существовать 
to depend – зависеть              to maintain - поддерживать 
 
5.2. Классификация. 
По своему значению и выполняемой функции в предложении глаголы делятся 
на: 
- смысловые (to build- строить, to remain – оставаться, to do -делать) 
The engineer controls the construction work. 
Инженер контролирует строительные работы. 
- вспомогательные (to be, to have, to do, will, shall, would, should) 
The engineers have developed a new turbine. (Present Perfect) 
Инженеры разработали новую турбину. 
The railway terminal will be reconstructed soon. (Future Indefinite) 
Железнодорожный вокзал скоро будет реконструирован. 
- глаголы-связки (to be, to become, to get, to grow, to turn etc) 
He is a qualified engineer. 
Он – квалифицированный инженер. 
- модальные глаголы (must, can, may, should, ought to, would, will, need) 
We must reconstruct the historic part of the city. 
Мы должны реконструировать историческую часть города. 
 
5.3. Категории глагола. 
     Глагол несет информацию о времени и залоге. 
  59 
5.3.1. Система английских времён (активный залог). 
     Система обозначения времени в английском языке включает 4 группы, каждая 
из которых объединяет 3 времени – настоящее, прошедшее, будущее. 
 
Indefinite Tenses 
Present Indefinite – наиболее распространённая в научном тексте форма, 
используемая для констатации фактов или обозначения повторяющихся действий 
в настоящем. Характерные обстоятельства: generally, usually, every day/week/year, 
often, seldom и т д. 
                          These substances pollute the air. 
                           Эти вещества загрязняют воздух. 
                           They control this parameter every two hours. 
  Они контролируют этот параметр каждые  два часа. 
 
Past indefinite употребляется для обозначения однократного или повторяющегося 
действия в прошлом. Характерные обстоятельства: yesterday, two days ago, last 
week, in 1990, often, seldom. 
                         They mixed sand and gravel in the right parts. 
                         Они смешали песок и гравий в требуемых пропорциях. 
                          Egyptians usually built their houses of stone. 
                          Египтяне обычно строили дома из камня. 
Future 
Indefinite 
Present Past Future 
Perfect 
Present Past Future 
Continuous 
Present Past 
Perfect Continuous 
Present 
  60 
                          Last year we reconstructed the old ring road. 
                          В прошлом году мы реконструировали старую кольцевую дорогу. 
 
Future Indefinite употребляется для обозначения однократного или 
повторяющегося действия в будущем. Характерные обстоятельства: tomorrow, 
next week/month, in 2008, in 8 years, soon. 
                        Next year we shall build a new bridge across the river. 
                        В следующем году мы построим новый мост через реку. 
                        Every year they will modernize 2 units of the power plant. 
                        Каждый год они будут модернизировать по 2 блока электростанции. 
      
Continuous Tenses 
Present Continuous представляет действие, развёртывающееся в момент речи или 
в течение периода, рассматриваемого как актуальное настоящее. 
                         I am writing an article now. 
                         Сейчас я пишу статью. 
                         He is designing a new theatre. 
                         Он проектирует новый театр. 
Примечание: Present Continuous может использоваться для обозначения 
ближайшего будущего. 
                        We are taking part in a conference tomorrow. 
                         Завтра мы принимаем участие в конференции.  
 
Past и Future Continuous указывают на длительность протекания действия в 
прошлом и будущем. Характерные показатели: from…till, all the evening. 
Yesterday from 5 till 7 they were taking an exam. 
Вчера с 5 до 7 часов они сдавали экзамен. 
When we come he will be working in his study. 
Когда мы придём, он будет работать в своём кабинете. 
  61 
Perfect Tenses 
Present, Past и Future Perfect обозначают завершённые действия, результат 
которых наблюдается, соответственно, в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем. 
Характерные обстоятельства: just, already, never, ever, by… . 
                    He has just completed his research. 
                    Он только что закончил свое исследование. 
                    He had already completed the experiment when his colleagues came. 
                    Он уже завершил эксперимент, когда пришли его коллеги. 
                    She will have completed the project by next Thursday. 
                    Она завершит проект к следующему четвергу. 
 
 Упражнения 
 
I. Найдите в предложениях сказуемые в Present, Past и Future Indefinite. 
Переведите предложения. 
1. At the University the students learn many different subjects. 2. They moved into a 
new comfortable flat last year. 3. The process of reconstruction takes a lot of time and 
needs qualified workers. 5. These two forces acted in the same direction in our 
experiment. 6. The development of physics resulted in the appearance of today's 
cinema, television, radio and so on. 7. When you come to the laboratory tomorrow our 
collegues will be demonstrating the results of their experiments. 8. These forces will 
cause displacement of the body. 9. This young scientist made a great contribution to 
mathematics. 10. The scientist published the results of his investigations. 11. They  
determined the substance temperature before the test. 12. We shall discuss the new 
material properties at the next lecture. 
 
II. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму. 
1. He started his investigations of the properties of a new compound. 2. This plant will 
produce a new type of equipment. 3. The academic year consists of two terms. 4.  The 
  62 
Таблица  14.  Времена группы Indefinite (Active) 
 Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite 
+ 
I (We, You, They) build houses.                                
He (She, It)           builds houses. 
I (He, She, It, We, You, They) 
lived in Minsk.  
                                   built houses. 
I (He, She, It, We, You, They)’ll    
live in Minsk. 
 build houses. 
- 
I (We, You, They) don’t build  
houses. 
He (She, It) doesn’t build houses. 
I (He, She, It, We, You, They) 
 didn’t live here. 
      didn’t build houses. 
I (He, She, It, We, You, They) won’t live 
here.  
  build houses. 
? 
Do I (we, you, they) build 
houses? 
Does he (she, it) build houses? 
Did  I (he, she, it, we, you, they) live 
here? 
                                         build houses? 
Will  I (he, she, it, we, you, they) live here? 
                                               build houses? 
Таблица 15.   Времена группы Continuous (Active): (to be+ Participle I) 
 Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous 
+ 
He (She, It) is building a house. 
We (You, They) are building a house. 
I (he, she, it) was building a house. 
We (you, they) were building a house. 
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will 
be building a house. 
- 
He (She, It) isn’t building a house. 
We(You, They) aren’t building a house. 
I (He, She, It) was not building a house. 
We (You, They) were not building a house. 
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) 
won’t be building a house. 
? 
Is he (she, it) building a house? 
Are we (you, they) building a house. 
Was she (I, he, she, it) building a house? 
Were we (you, they) building a house? 
Will  he (I, she, it, we, you, they) 
be building a house? 
  63 
Таблица 16.  Времена группы Perfect (Active): (to have + Participle II) 
 Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect 
+ 
He (she, it) has built the house.  
                   has translated the text 
I (you, we, they) have built  the house. 
have translated the text. 
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) 
 had built the house by November. 
had translated the text when you came. 
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) 
 will have built the house by 
November.  
will have translated the text when 
you come. 
- 
He (she, it) hasn’t built  the house. 
                   hasn’t  translated the text. 
I (you, we, they) haven’t built the house. 
                     haven’t translated the text. 
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) 
 hadn’t  built the house by November.  
hadn’t  translated the text when you 
came. 
I(he, she, it, we, you, they) won’t 
have built the house by 2010. 
I(he, she, it, we, you, they) won’t 
have translated the text by Monday. 
? 
Has he (she, it) built a house? 
                          translated the text ? 
Have you (I, we, they) built the house? 
                               translated the text ? 
Had  he (I, she, it, we, you, they) 
built the house by the end of the year? 
           translated the text by Monday? 
Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) 
have built the house…?  
have translated the text…? 
Таблица 17.  Времена группы Perfect Continuous (Active): (to have been + Participle I) 
 Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect 
+ 
He (she) has  been building houses since 1991. 
I (we, you, they) have been building houses for 15 years. 
not used not used 
  64 
development of machine-tools accelerated the industrial revolution. 5. A lot of foreign 
citizens enter our University every year. 6. The stuff of the laboratory finished the work 
on the apparatus.  7. They will conduct the experiment in the best laboratory. 8. Our 
chief engineer spends much time on the site. 9. It took much time to cross the Atlantic 
in the 19th century. 10. The students of our department attend their lectures mostly in 
the morning. 11. The investors will furnish our laboratory with up-to-date equipment.  
12. The scientist obtained similar results in all the experiments. 
 
III. Поставьте глаголы в Present, Past или Future Indefinite. Переведите 
предложения. 
1. The development of many sciences (to depend) on the knowledge of physical 
phenomena. 2. The workers (to complete) the construction of this modern house in a 
month. 3. During our last experiment we (to keep) the temperature at the point of 20 
degrees. 4. Last century scientists (to make) a close study of the structure of natural 
rubber. 5. We (to conduct) the experiments in the laboratory when the new term begins.  
6. Many factors (to influence) the intensity of this process. 7. All over the world 
architects widely (to use) concrete for bridge construction. 8. The street (to be) so 
narrow that we (to have) to widen it next year. 9. He (to be interested) in motor cars in 
his childhood. 10. The results of his last experiment entirely (to prove) his theory.       
11. Everybody (to consider) his invention useless at that time. 12. Our power station (to 
produce) a great deal of electricity every year. 13. Some inventors (to suppose) that in 
the future we (to use) trains without drivers. 
 
IV. Найдите в предложениях сказуемые в Present, Past и Future Continuous и 
переведите их. Сравните употребление времен групп Indefinite и Continuous.  
1. They always test new equipment in their laboratory. 2. Don’t enter. The engineer is 
testing the new equipment. 3. When the students arrived the professor was carrying out 
an experiment. 4. Our professor often carries out his experiments with his students’ 
assistance. 5. The students of our group will be taking their English exam on Monday. 
  65 
6. The students of our University usually pass their exams well. 7.  He used some 
special instruments while he was repairing the new device. 8. He repaired the damaged 
device himself. 9. The members of the Students’ Council discussed this question 
yesterday. 10. We were discussing our plans from 2 p.m. till 4 p.m. yesterday. 11. While 
we were taking measurements the engineer was making calculations. 12.  At first we 
took measurements and then we made calculations. 13. The engineer was instructing the 
workers when the trucks brought cement to the site. 
 
V. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму. 
1. We are translating the article into Russian. 2. They are conducting an important 
experiment in the laboratory now. 3. He will be making his report at 2 o’clock 
tomorrow. 4. The designers were estimating the construction cost for a week. 5. The 
students are having their preliminary in English now. 6. The scientist is experimenting 
with new construction materials. 7. We were taking calculations for the new bridge 
during our summer practice. 8. The population of the city is steadily growing. 9. The 
workers will be unloading the trucks after lunch. 10. He is laying bricks very quickly 
and carefully. 
 
VI. Поставьте глаголы в соответствующее время группы Indefinite или 
Continuous. Переведите предложения. 
1. We (to translate) the article during the whole lesson yesterday. 2. We usually (to 
translate) texts using special dictionaries. 3. The students usually (to write) their final 
tests at the end of each term.  4. The students (to write) their final test. Keep silence.  
5. When you (to come) in an hour we (to discuss) the results of the test. 6. I (to look) up 
the words in the dictionary while he (to read) the text. 7. The teacher (to explain) this 
grammar rule at the last lesson. 8. The teacher (to explain) the new grammar rule when I 
(to come) in. 9. During some decades of the last century scientists (to try) to explain this 
unusual phenomenon. 10. A true scientist always (to try) to explain unusual phenomena. 
11. This plant (to produce) various kinds of instruments. 12. This plant (to produce) new 
  66 
kinds of instruments every year. 13. Today scientists still (to look) for the new sources 
of energy. 
 
VII. Найдите в предложениях сказуемые в Present, Past и Future Perfect и 
переведите их. Сравните употребление времен групп Indefinite и Perfect.  
1. I finished school last year. 2. I have already finished school. 3. The students passed 
their first exam yesterday. 4. The students have passed their exams lately. 5. The 
students had passed the exam when the dean came. 6. Our family moved into a new 
comfortable flat two years ago.7. They have just moved into a new comfortable flat.  
8. The scientific journal published this article last May. 9. The scientist has published 
the results of his investigations. 10. He will present his report at the end of the term.  
11. He will have presented his report by the end of the term. 12. They didn’t receive any 
positive results last time. 13. They haven't received any good results. 14. If the engineer 
makes all the necessary calculations he will start his experiment. 15. After the engineer 
had made all the necessary calculations he started his experiment. 16. Did they install 
the new equipment in the laboratory yesterday? 17. Have they installed the new 
equipment in the laboratory yet? 
 
VIII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные способы 
перевода сказуемых в Perfect. 
1. We have already mentioned these facts in our report. 2. The output of this factory has 
greatly increased recently. 3. The students had translated the text by the end of the 
lesson. 4. The lab assistant will have prepared the laboratory by the beginning of the 
experiment.  5. He has not seen his students since they graduated from the university.  
6. Before the Exhibition closes a lot of people will have attended it. 7. The scientists 
have never referred to these phenomena. 8. They have worked for three years to 
improve the quality of the road materials. 9. After we had determined the main 
properties of the substance we could use it in our experiment. 10. The workers will have 
finished the construction when the commission arrives. 11. A number of scientists have 
  67 
supported this suggestion. 12. The new construction method has attracted much 
attention. 13. This research combined with many others has provided valuable 
information on the problem in question. 14. You cannot use the tools until you have 
sharpened them. 15. We had analyzed a number of compounds before we could choose 
the most suitable one. 16. Scientists of different countries have dealt with the problems 
of air pollution for a long time.  
 
IX. Поставьте глаголы в соответствующее время группы Indefinite или Perfect. 
Переведите предложения. 
1. They (to obtain) the positive results after they (to install) more powerful equipment. 
2. The mechanic (to repair) the engine before you come. 3. They (to carry out) the 
experiment successfully yesterday. 4. We (to return) just from the international 
conference. 5. The students (to determine) the melting point of the metal before they (to 
apply) it in their experiment. 6. He (to make) his first invention many years ago. 7.  Our 
road engineers (to test) already the new paving materials. 8. By the time you complete 
the calculations we (to finish) our experiment. 9. He (to have) a bad road accident some 
years ago. 10. You may take your car. I (to check) the brakes and the oil level. 11. The 
workers (to mix) the concrete before they (to pour) it into the formwork. 12. Don’t try 
to put the fire out until you (to call) for help. 13. The population of our city greatly (to 
increase) recently. 14. They (to reconstruct) the main road by the end of the next year. 
15. The new road (to connect) the city centre with the industrial districts.  
 
X. Найдите в предложениях сказуемые в Present, Past и Future Perfect Continuous 
и переведите их. Сравните употребление времен. 
1. The engineer tests the apparatus every week. 2. He is testing the apparatus at the 
moment. 3. The engineer has been testing the apparatus for five hours. 4. We shall 
discuss the test schedule tomorrow. 5. We shall be discussing the test schedule at this 
time tomorrow. 6. We shall have been discussing the test schedule for an hour when you 
come. 7. The students were taking measurements when the teacher came. 8. The 
  68 
students had been taking measurements for half an hour when the teacher came. 9. The 
students had taken measurements before the teacher came. 10. Hurry up! Everybody is 
waiting for you. 11. We had been waiting for ten minutes when you came. 12. Keep 
silence. The students are taking their English exam. 13. They still will have been taking 
the exam when you come. 
 
5.3.2. Страдательный залог. 
     Кроме показателя времени сказуемое всегда имеет показатель залога: 
действительного (active) или страдательного (passive). 
     Если в позицию подлежащего помещен объект, реально контролирующий 
ситуацию, сказуемое оформляется в действительном залоге: 
                       The firm built 3 houses in this village. 
                       Фирма построила 3 дома в этой деревне. 
     Если в позицию подлежащего помещён объект,  испытывающий воздействие 
извне, то сказуемое употребляется в форме страдательного залога: 
3 houses were built by this firm. 
3 дома было построено этой фирмой. 
     Форма страдательного залога: 
 
Примечание: о причастии (participle II) подробнее  см. в разделе 5.7. 
 
Система английских времён для форм страдательного залога представлена в 
таблицах 18, 19, 20. 
 
Существует несколько способов перевода сказуемых в сострадательном 
залоге: 
1) возвратной формой глагола  
Houses were built of wood at that time. 
В то время дома строились из дерева. 
to be +  Participle II 
  69 
2) неопределённо-личной формой глагола 
Houses were built of wood at that time. 
В то время дома строили из дерева. 
3) сочетанием глагола быть и краткой формы причастия 
These houses were built of wood. 
Эти дома были построены из дерева. 
4) глаголом в действительном залоге с использованием в качестве 
подлежащего существительного, которому в английском предложении 
предшествует предлог by 
These houses were built by a famous architect. 
Эти дома построил известный архитектор. 
The process was influenced by a number of factors. 
На процесс воздействовал целый ряд факторов (Целый ряд факторов 
воздействовал на этот процесс). 
5) посредством перемещения предлога, который в английском языке следует 
за сказуемым, на место перед существительным. 
The necessary materials were sent for. 
Послали за необходимыми материалами. 
This conference is often referred to. 
На эту конференцию часто ссылаются. 
 
Упражнения 
I. Найдите в предложениях сказуемые в страдательном залоге и переведите их.  
1. The engineers have improved the bridge construction methods. 2. The bridge 
construction methods have been improved by the engineers. 3. The law of gravitation 
was discovered by Newton. 4. Newton discovered the law of gravitation. 5. They will 
speak about his scientific paper at the end of the discussion. 6. His scientific paper will 
be spoken about at the end of the discussion. 7. Many factors influence the intensity of 
this process. 8. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors. 
  70 
Таблица 18.  Времена группы Indefinite (Passive):(to be + Participle II) 
 Present Indefinite Passive Past Indefinite Passive Future Indefinite Passive 
 
+ 
The task is completed. 
These houses are built of wood. 
The task was completed last month. 
These houses were built of wood. 
The task will be completed next month. 
These houses will be built of wood. 
 
¯ 
The task isn’t completed. 
These houses aren’t built of wood. 
The task wasn’t completed last month. 
These houses were not built of wood. 
The task won’t be completed next month. 
These houses will not be built of wood. 
 
? 
Is the task completed? 
Are these houses built of wood? 
Was the task completed last month? 
Were these houses built of wood? 
Will  the task be completed next month? 
Will these houses be built of wood? 
 
Таблица 19.  Времена группы Continuous (Passive):(to be being+ Participle II) 
 Present Continuous Passive Past Continuous Passive Future Continuous Passive 
 
+ 
The text is being translated by our 
students. 
The text was being translated when I 
came. 
Not used 
 
¯ 
The text is not being translated by 
our students. 
The text was not being translated when 
I came. 
Not used 
 
? 
Is the text being translated by our 
students? 
Was the text being translated when I 
came? 
Not used 
 
  71 
Таблица 20.  Времена группы Perfect (Passive):(to have been + Participle II) 
 
 Present Perfect Passive Past Perfect Passive Future Perfect Passive 
 
 
+ 
The house has been built. 
The text has been translated. 
The houses have been built. 
The texts have been translated. 
The house had been built by the end of the 
year. 
The texts had been translated by the end of 
the week. 
The house will have been built by 
the next year. 
The text will have been translated 
by 5 o’clock. 
 
 
 
 
¯ 
The house hasn’t been built. 
The text hasn’t been translated. 
The houses haven’t been built. 
The texts haven’t been translated. 
 
The house hadn’t been built   by the end of 
the year. 
The texts hadn’t been translated by the end 
of the week. 
 
The house won’t have been built by 
the end of the year. 
The text won’t have been translated 
by the end of the week. 
 
 
 
? 
Has the house been built? 
Has  the text been translated? 
Have the houses been built? 
Have the texts been translated? 
 
Had the house been built by the end of the 
year? 
Had the texts been translated by the end of 
the week? 
Will the house have been built by 
the end of the week? 
Will the texts have been translated  
by the end of the week? 
 
 
  72 
9. We are carrying out a new research at the moment. 10. The new research is being 
carried out successfully. 11. The students were still conducting experiments when the 
bell rang.   12. The experiments were still being conducted in some laboratories when 
the bell rang. 13. People have known these construction methods for a long time.        
14. These construction methods have been known by people for a long time. 15. The 
construction company built this comfortable block of flats some years ago. 16. This 
comfortable block of flats was built by the construction company five years ago. 
 
II. Измените предложения по образцу. 
              Model: We have changed the properties of the substance. -   
                           The properties of the substance have been changed. 
1. They almost finished the construction of the tunnel. 2. We are discussing the results 
of the experiment. 3. They used concrete structures while erecting the new railroad 
bridge. 4. The lorries will bring cement to the construction site after lunch. 5. We don’t 
use this kind of fuel because it is very expensive. 6. Have you already installed the new 
equipment? 7. They will complete the experiment in a month. 8. The workers have 
tunnelled the road under the Channel. 9. The mechanic will test the engine when he 
repairs it. 10. As a rule, numerous discoveries follow one great discovery. 11. We were 
finishing the experiment when the device broke down. 12. They also pay much attention 
to the quality of materials for road construction. 13. The students asked the engineers 
about the new construction technologies. 14. Machines of new generation will do all 
labour-consuming and dangerous work in the future. 15. The International Committee 
has rewarded our professor, for his outstanding theory. 16. The development of 
machine-tools accelerated the industrial revolution. 
 
III. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные 
способы перевода страдательного залога. 
1. This phenomenon has already been discussed. 2. The project will be completed in a 
month. 3. The nuclear theory has been greatly influenced by quantum mechanics.         
  73 
4. A lot of time is given to the study of the new method of work. 5. A new deep-level 
tunnel was being completed in London. 6. In England many houses are heated with 
coal. 7. The sun is being used widely in direct solar energy heating equipment and also 
as a fuel in making electricity. 8. A number of alternatives has been proposed. 9. This 
process has been little studied. 10. Concrete structures have been used instead of bricks.           
11. The temperature had been raised before the explosion occurred. 12. This term has 
been used for a long time. 13. They were given some data illustrating this phenomenon.  
 
5.4. Суффиксы глаголов. 
 N   V ize           a system to systematize – систематизировать 
 A   V fy             clear to clarify – прояснить 
 A   V en            wide  to widen – расширить 
 
5.5. Многофункциональные глаголы. 
        Ряд глаголов (to be, to have, to do, etc) могут употребляться как смысловые, 
вспомогательные, модальные или глаголы-связки. 
 
5.5.1. Глагол “to be”. 
Таблица 21.  Формы глагола “to be” 
 Present Past Future 
Indefinite 
I am / he(she, it)is / 
we(you, they)are 
I (he, she, it) was / 
we(you, they)were 
I (we) shall be 
he(she, it you 
they)will be 
Continuous 
I am 
he(she, it)is       
we(you they) 
are 
    
      was 
     were 
___ 
Perfect 
he has 
we have 
had been will have been 
being 
 been 
being 
  74 
Таблица 22. Функции глагола “to be” 
Функция Пример и перевод 
Смысловой глагол 
 
 
The lecturer is in the dean’s office. 
Лектор (находится) в деканате. 
The lecturer is here. 
Лектор  (находится) здесь. 
Вспомогательный глагол 
а) страдательный залог 
 
b) времена группы Continuous 
 
 
The lecturer was asked a question. 
Лектору был задан вопрос. 
The student is making notes of the lecture. 
Студент конспектирует лекцию. 
Глагол- связка 
 
The lecture is interesting. - Лекция 
интересна. 
My aim is to enter the University – Моя 
цель – поступить в университет. 
Модальный глагол  
 
 
You are to make notes of the lecture. – Вы 
должны конспектировать лекцию. 
 
5.5.2. Глагол “to have”. 
Таблица 23. Формы глагола “to have” 
 Present Past Future 
+ I (we, you, they) have 
He (she, it) has 
I (you, she, he, it, we, 
they) had 
 
We (you, she, he, it, we, 
they)  will have 
_ I (we, you, they) haven’t 
He (she, it) hasn’t 
I (you, she, he, it, we,  
they) hadn’t 
I (you, she, he, we, they)  
will not (won’t) have 
? Have I (we, you, they) ? 
Has he (she, it)…?  
Had you (I, she, he, it, 
we, they)…? 
Will  you (I, she, he, it, 
we, they) have…? 
to be + Adv. 
to be+Participle II 
to be + Adj.  
to be + Infinitive 
to be +Participle I 
to be + Prep +N 
to be + Infinitive 
  75 
Таблица 24. Функции глагола “to have” 
Функция Пример и перевод 
Смысловой глагол  
 
 
They have 3 lectures today. 
У них сегодня 3 лекции. 
Вспомогательный глагол при 
образовании времён группы Perfect 
 
We have passed the exam. 
Мы сдали экзамен. 
When I called they had already got their 
credits in English. 
Когда я позвонил, они уже получили 
зачёт по английскому языку. 
Модальный глагол 
 
 
I will have to take 3 exams this summer. 
Я должен буду сдать 3 экзамена этим 
летом. 
He has to attend 3 lectures a day. 
Ему приходится посещать по 3 лекции в 
день. 
 
5.5.3. Глагол “to do”. 
Таблица 25. Формы глагола “to do” 
 Present Past Future 
+ I (we, you, they) do… 
He (she, it) does… 
I (you, she, he, it, we, 
they) did… 
We (you, she, he, it, we, 
they)  will do… 
_ I (we, you, they) don’t 
do… 
He (she, it) doesn’t do… 
I (you, she, he, it, we,  
they) didn’t do… 
I (you, she, he, we, they)  
will not (won’t) do… 
 
? Do I (we, you, they) do…? 
Does he (she, it) do…?  
Did you (I, she, he, it, 
we, they) do…? 
Will  you (I, she, he, it, 
we, they) do…? 
to have+N 
to have + Participle II 
to have+Infinitive 
  76 
Таблица 26. Функции глагола “to do” 
Функции Пример и перевод 
Смысловой глагол  
 
We’ll do the homework in the morning. 
Мы сделаем домашнее задание утром. 
Вспомогательный  глагол 
а) отрицательная 
 форма 
б) вопросительная  
форма 
 
 
We don’t have classes in the morning. 
У нас нет занятий утром. 
Do the students have classes in the morning? 
У студентов есть занятия по утрам? 
 
Усилительное do 
 
Do explain it again. 
Пожалуйста, объясните это ещё раз. 
Заменитель другого глагола We don’t speak German, but he does. 
Мы не говорим по-немецки, а он говорит. 
 
Упражнения 
I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения глагола to be. 
1. Our language laboratory is in the main building. 2. The conditions of the experiment 
are to be changed. 3. Tyres are made of rubber because it is flexible. 4. They were to 
repair the road before it is cold. 5. Where is the largest power plant in your country?  
6. The scientists are to find new sources of energy. 7. Wood is mostly replaced by steel 
in bridge construction. 8. They are translating the article on modern paving materials.  
9. The task of an architect is to design useful and beautiful buildings. 10. This work is 
coordinated by our foreign partners. 11. Petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller 
than diesel engines. 12. If the engine is broken, it is to be repaired or changed. 13. His 
invention is of great importance for the mankind. 14. The main task of the designer was 
to improve the stability of the structure. 15. The engineer was to estimate the cost of 
repairing the building.  
to do + N 
do + not 
do + N V… 
? 
do +V 
 
  77 
II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения глагола to do. 
1. The students often do their home task in the reading hall. 2. The strength of this new 
material does not depend on temperature changes. 3. What devices do you need for your 
experiments? 4. Energy is the ability to do work. 5. Do you remember the first bridge 
you built? 6. They began to do their test much earlier than we did. 7. Scientists and 
engineers do help one another in developing new construction materials. 8. Do these 
methods help you to improve the road pavement? 9. Metals conduct electricity better 
than the most of the non-metals do. 10. This type of asphalt did play an important part 
in road construction. 11. We’ll do our best to improve the air conditioning system.  
12. The mechanic didn’t replace the fuel pump last week and I had to do it myself. 
 
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения глагола to have. 
1. The students will have an opportunity to take part in the conference. 2. They have 
already obtained positive results. 3. They had to change the temperature of the 
substance. 4. You can have permanent work at the laboratory after you pass all your 
exams successfully. 5. The construction of the channel has been completed. 6. The old 
construction methods had some drawbacks. 7. We’ll have to discuss this problem once 
more. 8. Have you found any new applications for this invention? 9. He has everything 
to realize his plans. 10. They had their laboratory furnished with modern devices.       
11. You’ll have to work hard to pass your exams. 12. The traffic safety has improved 
owing to the new road pavement.  
 
IV. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную или отрицательную формы. 
1. Our engineers developed a new technique of concreting. 2. This method of 
calculation is accurate. 3. The plant has produced an improved model of a crane.             
4. Flyover crossings are very expensive. 5. The quality of paving materials greatly 
influences the traffic safety. 5. The scientists had to obtain a substance with better 
properties. 6. The commission usually conducts a thorough investigation after an 
accident. 7. The reconstruction of the historical centre is to be completed in two months. 
  78 
5.6. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs) 
5.6.1. Определение. 
     Модальные глаголы выражают не действие или состояние, а возможность, 
необходимость, желательность совершения действия (таблица 27). 
5.6.2. Употребление. 
     В сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола модальные глаголы образуют 
составное глагольное сказуемое. 
                                 We can build the dam this year. 
                                  Мы можем построить плотину в этом году. 
                                  You must calculate the engine power. 
                                  Вы должны рассчитать мощность двигателя. 
     Модальные глаголы могут употребляться со сложными формами инфинитива: 
                                  The dam can be built this year. 
                                   Плотина может быть построена в этом году. 
                                   Then water must be added. 
                                   Затем  необходимо добавить воду.         
                                   He must be testing the new equipment. 
                                   Он, должно быть, проверяет новое оборудование. 
                                    He must have added too much water. 
                                   Он, должно быть, добавил слишком много воды. 
The well must have been developed. 
Скважина, должно быть, восстановлена. 
                                    He can’t have stopped the experiment. 
                                    Не может быть, чтобы он остановил эксперимент. 
Упражнения 
I. Найдите в предложениях модальные глаголы. Переведите предложения.  
A. 1. You should give examples that prove your theory. 2. Metal ladders must never be 
used near electric wires. 3. An architect today has to be an engineer too. 4. A number of  
 
Vm+Inf.Pass. 
Vm+Cont.Inf. 
Vm+Perf.Inf. 
Vm+Ind.Inf. 
  79 
Таблица 27. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs) 
  Время 
Модальность 
       
Present Indefinite 
 
               Past Indefinite 
 
      Future Indefinite 
 
Возможность 
can 
to be able to 
We can build a new airport in 
Mogilev.  
Мы можем построить в 
Могилёве новый аэропорт. 
 
We could build an airport in 
Mogilev last year.  
В прошлом году мы могли 
построить аэропорт в 
Могилёве. 
We’ll be able to build a 
new airport next year. 
В следующий году мы 
сможем построить новый 
аэропорт. 
 
Разрешение 
may  
to be allowed to 
You may build a new bridge. 
 Вы можете построить  
новый мост. 
 
You might build this bridge last 
year.  
Вы могли построить этот мост 
в прошлом году. 
We’ll be allowed to build 
this bridge next year.  
Нам разрешат построить 
этот мост в следующем 
году. 
Долженствование 
must 
ought to, should, needn’t 
to be to 
to have to 
They must build this tunnel. 
Они должны построить этот 
тоннель. 
 
He was to build a new house. 
Он должен был построить 
новый дом (по плану). 
He had to build a new house. 
Ему пришлось построить 
новый дом. 
You’ll have to build a new 
house next year.  
В следующем году тебе 
придётся строить новый 
дом. 
  80 
substances can absorb considerable amounts of gases. 5. The students ought to observe 
all the University rules. 6. He could not complete his research in time as he worked very 
slowly. 7. The results of their research are to be discussed at the conference. 8. Energy 
can exist in many forms. 9. The road engineer is to mechanize and technically develop 
the road building operations. 10. In the modern world people cannot imagine their life 
without computers. 12. They will be allowed to participate in the discussion. 
B. 1. He had to take part in the discussion. 2. His report is to be included in the program 
of the conference. 3. Unusual properties of this substance should be taken into 
consideration. 4. The importance of the problem needn’t be explained. 5. These 
experiments can be carried out in the nearest future. 6. Your scientific opponent must be 
an authority on the subject. 7. The advice of professionals should not be ignored.          
8. You will have to learn the new plastering technology. 9. They may continue their 
experiments in the best laboratories of the University. 10. You must mix the concrete 
well before you use it. 11. This power station will have to supply us with all the 
necessary energy. 
II. а) Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод эквивалентов 
модальных глаголов. 
     б) Употребите соответствующие модальные глаголы вместо эквивалентов. 
                       Model:  a) He was not able to take part in the conference. →  
                                         He could not take part in the conference. 
                                     b) The students are not to be late. →  
                                          The students must not be late. 
                                     c) They are allowed to attend the lessons. →  
                                         They may attend the lessons. 
1. The students will be allowed to use this equipment in their research work. 2. Our 
workers were to transmit signals without any complex equipment. 3. They were not able 
to repair the device themselves. 4. The drivers are not allowed to park their cars in this 
place. 5. He was able to use the small store room as a laboratory. 6. I hope they will be 
able to reach the city before it is dark. 7. I think he will not be allowed to change the 
  81 
subject of his research. 8. In two years in England you will be able to speak English 
fluently. 9. Electronic machines are to perform complicated calculations much quicker 
than people. 10. We were not able to install new devices because the laboratory was 
closed. 11. The students were not allowed to look up the words in their dictionaries.  
III. Измените предложения так, чтобы они выражали прошедшее действие. 
                       Model: a) All engineers must take part in research work. →  
                                        All engineers had to take part in research work. 
                               b) You should check the results of the tests. →  
                                   You should have checked   the results of the tests. 
1. The engineer must improve the accuracy of his measurements. 2. They must maintain 
the same temperature during the experiment. 3. You may refer to the results of our 
experiment. 4. The equipment must be tested only after installation. 5. The compound 
can be obtained by three different ways. 6. The candidate for this position should know 
at least one foreign language. 7. You ought to pay more attention to your practical 
training. 8. They may continue their work in the best laboratory of the institute. 9. The 
laboratory assistant should know the temperature of the liquid. 10. The students ought to 
work hard to pass the examinations. 11. An electronic machine must be used for these 
calculations. 
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на форму инфинитива после 
модального глагола. Укажите предложения, из которых ясно, что 
запланированное действие не имело места. 
1. The engineer was to have changed the project. 2. The student was to carry out the 
experimental part himself. 3. The program was to have been approved at the last 
meeting. 4. The examination was to be held in the morning. 5. Our plant is to produce a 
new car next year. 6. These machines were to have been replaced by the most advanced 
equipment. 7. The road was to be reconstructed last year. 8. These new materials are to 
withstand higher temperatures. 9. Your investigation was to have attracted attention of 
all the scientists. 10. New types of plastics are to be obtained for the decoration 
technology. 11. These conditions were to have caused a change in the size of the body. 
  82 
5.7. Причастие (The Participle) 
 
5.7.1. Определение.  
Причастие – производный от глагола класс слов, имеющий свойства глагола и 
прилагательного. Формы причастий и их использование в предложении 
приведены в табл. 28. 
5.7.2. Независимый причастный оборот (Absolute Participle Construction). 
     Независимый причастный оборот есть механизм компрессии информации, 
обеспечивающий представление двух самостоятельных мыслей в пределах одного 
простого распространенного предложения, осложненного причастной 
конструкцией. 
     Независимый причастный оборот обладает следующими признаками: 
1. имеет свое, независимое подлежащие; 
2. всегда отделен от главного предложения запятой; 
3. причастие функционально эквивалентно сказуемому полного предложения 
(переводится на русский язык сказуемым); 
Our students studying chemistry, a lot of experiments are made in the laboratories. 
Поскольку наши студенты изучают химию, в лабораториях проводится большое 
количество экспериментов. 
     Перевод независимого причастного оборота на русский язык зависит от места 
оборота в структуре предложения: 
а) в начале предложения он переводится придаточным предложением с союзами  
если, так как, поскольку, когда, после того, как. 
The translation of the text having been completed, I handed it to my teacher. 
          После того как перевод текста был закончен, я сдал его учителю. 
б) в конце предложения он переводится простым предложением с союзами 
а,  и,  притом,    причем. 
We have three lectures today, the last being on physics. 
У нас сегодня три лекции, причем последняя по физике. 
  83 
Таблица 28. Причастие (the Participle) 
 Формы: Present Participle 
Active (Part. I) 
Perfect Participle 
Active 
Present Part. Passive Past Participle (Participle II) 
 
 
Developing 
Развивающий 
Building 
Строящий 
 
 
Having developed 
Развив/ разработав 
Having built 
Построив 
 
 
Being developed 
Разрабатываемый 
Being built 
Строящийся 
 
 
Developed(having been 
developed) 
Развитой/ разработанный 
Built(having been built) 
Построенный 
Функции: 
●Определе-
ние 
 (Attribute)  
а) левое определение 
     the boiling water   кипящая вода (кипяток) 
б) правое определение 
The man delivering the lecture is our professor. 
Человек, читающий лекцию, — наш 
преподаватель. 
а) левое определение 
       the boiled water              кипяченая вода 
б) правое определение 
~ одиночное: 
The method used is very effective. 
Использованный метод очень эффективен. 
~ с зависимыми словами: 
The house being built in our street will be the highest 
building in Minsk.  Дом, возводимый на нашей улице, 
станет самым высоким зданием в Минске. 
V+ing 
 
Having + V ed 
                V 3f 
 
Being + V ed 
              V 3f 
 
V+ ed 
   V 3f 
 
  84 
●Обстоя-
тельство 
(Adverbial 
modifier)  
 
Participle I стоит в начале или конце 
предложения. Переводится деепричастием 
или придаточным предложением. 
Reading the newspaper I found an interesting 
article on the history of Belarus. - Читая 
газету, я нашел интересную статью по 
истории Белоруссии. 
Having read the article. I passed the journal to 
my colleague. - Прочитав статью, я передал 
журнал моему коллеге. 
Participle II стоит в начале или конце предложения, 
часто с союзами if, unless, when. 
Переводится придаточным предложением. 
When asked, he answered at once. - Когда   его   
спросили,   он   сразу   же ответил. 
●Часть 
сказуемого 
(Part of a 
predicate) 
 
Времена группы Continuous 
 
 
Не is translating the article.  
Он переводит статью. 
The article is being translated.  
Статья переводится. 
 
а) страдательный залог 
 
 
The article was translated yesterday. Статью перевели 
вчера. A new railway terminal is being built in Mink. В 
Минске строится новый вокзал. 
б) времена группы Perfect 
 
We have translated the article. Мы перевели статью. 
The article has been translated. Статья переведена. 
То be + Participle П 
             Pr. Part. Pass. 
 
То be + Participle I 
              Pr. Part. Pass. 
 
То have (been) + Participle II 
  85 
Упражнения 
I. Образуйте все возможные формы причастий от следующих глаголов. 
to develop, to use, to discuss, to increase, to heat, to reduce, to complete, to fill,            
to invent, to solve, to translate, to give. 
Model: 
Verb Present Part. 
Active 
Perfect Part. 
Active 
Present Part. 
Passive 
Past Participle/ 
Perfect Part. Passive 
to build 
строить 
building 
строя 
having built 
построив 
being built 
возводимый 
(having been)built 
построенный/когда 
построили 
 
 
II. Переведите предложения, в которых причастие выполняет функцию 
определения. Обратите внимание на способы перевода причастий. 
 
Participle I 
1. A number of scientists taking part in this conference represented the same scientific 
school. 2. The new equipment is designed to satisfy the growing demands of the 
building industry. 3. Solving this problem it is desirable to consider the following 
equations. 4. The problem being considered in this paper is of great significance.          
5. Cellulose is the most common of all naturally occurring organic substances. 6. Not all 
existing roads meet modern requirements. 7. Roads connecting large industrial centers 
are very important for national economy. 8. The total number of vehicles passing 
through any section of a road in unit time (day, hour) is called the traffic intensity.        
9. The road being built in our district will be opened for traffic next month. 10. The 
impurities remaining in the end product should be removed. 11. A traffic stream usually 
consists of many types of vehicles moving at different speeds. 12. A computer solving a 
lot of problems was designed by a group of students. 13. The smallest particle having all 
the characteristics of an element is called an atom. 
  86 
Participle II 
 1. The formulated law is applied in many fields of science. 2. The report should involve 
the data obtained. 3. The reaction took place under reduced pressure. 4. We have 
measured the time required for this operation. 5. An instrument based on the same 
principle has been developed for substance analysis. 6. The elements predicted by 
Mendeleyev were later discovered by scientists from different countries. 7. The 
substances investigated showed quite interesting properties. 8. The results discussed 
have little relevance to the problem under investigation. 9. According to the viewpoint 
adopted this method couldn’t be used in construction. 10. This made it possible to study 
artificially prepared radioactive samples. 11. When metals react with acids the gas 
isolated is not always hydrogen. 12. The methods applied vary with the purpose of a 
particular investigation. 13. The amount of heat generated depended on the quality of 
the fuel used. 
 
III. Переведите предложения, в которых причастие выполняет функцию 
обстоятельства. Обратите внимание на способы перевода причастий. 
А. Model: Demonstrating the film, the lecturer commented on its contents. 
Демонстрируя фильм, лектор делал комментарии о его содержании. 
Having demonstrated the film, the lecturer commented on its contents. 
Продемонстрировав фильм, лектор прокомментировал его содержание. 
Having been demonstrated, the film was discussed by the experts. 
После того, как фильм показали, он был обсуждён специалистами. 
1. Having shown poor results, the method was not used any more. 2. Considering the 
problem the scientist used his own theory. 3. Having considered the problem, the 
scientist found a new solution. 4. Having applied this method we solved a number of 
complex mathematical problems. 5. Having been applied, the method helped us to solve 
some problems. 6. Having reacted with oxygen, this substance changed its properties.   
7. This must be taken into account when comparing the project submitted. 8. Taking 
into account the results of the test, we find the material to be suitable for our new 
  87 
experiment. 9. Examining the material, the engineers obtained unexpected results.      
10. Having been examined, the materials were used in construction. 11. Having 
developed the engine, the engineers tested it under different working conditions.         
12. Having been invented, the engine was tested under different working conditions.             
13. Being invented by our engineers, the new engine replaced the older model.           
14. Strength and durability are the main factors when deciding upon the best building 
materials. 15. Speaking about the new methods of work the engineer told us many 
interesting details. 
 
B. Model:  When the car was covered with paint, it was delivered to the customer. 
 Когда машину покрыли краской, она была доставлена покупателю. 
1. Invented by our engineers, the engine was then tested under different working 
conditions. 2. When heated to a high temperature, the substance showed better qualities. 
3. Used without preliminary tests, the new engine showed low performance 
characteristics. 4. Subjected to high pressure, the substance lost its properties.               
5. A brittle material breaks, when subjected to high pressure. 6. If handled carefully, 
formwork may be used several times. 7. Columns are often called posts, especially 
when made of timber. 8. Square columns can easily be constructed when required by 
the architectural design. 9. If protected by a special coating this material becomes 
waterproof. 10. When laid, the pipes are generally tested to twice the working pressure. 
11. When cooled, a substance can be converted from the liquid state into the solid.      
12. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume. 13.  When 
heated, a magnet loses some of its magnetism. 14. When equipped with modern 
machinery, the plant considerably improved the product’s quality. 15. When placed in a 
vessel, a gas fills it completely. 
 
IV. Выберите правильную форму причастия. Переведите предложения. 
1. The house (being built/having built) in the street will be a new library. 2. The 
problems (discussed/discussing) at the conference were interesting. 3. (Having 
  88 
heated/being heated) magnetized materials lose their magnetism. 4. (Being finished/ 
having finished) the experiment, he printed the results (obtaining/obtained). 5. The 
device (having developed/being developed) is going to be (testing/tested) next winter.  
6. (Having stated/having been stated) the laws of gravity Newton was able to explain 
the structure of the Universe. 7. Roads (connecting/having connected) large industrial 
centres are very important for the national economy. 8. (Being completed/having 
completed) the road they opened it for traffic. 9. The problem (solved/solving) helped to 
increase the speed of a car. 10. Vehicles (traveling/having traveled) in the same 
direction constitute a traffic stream. 11. The professor told us about the experiments 
(carrying/ being carried) out in the laboratory. 12. In this system steam is generated in a 
boiler (having filled/filled) with water. 
 
V. Выпишите и переведите предложения, в которых: 
а)  причастие выполняет функцию определения; 
б) причастие выполняет функцию обстоятельства; 
1. The engine being tested will increase the safety and the car efficiency. 2. Testing the 
engine the engineers found some defects. 3. The engineers testing the engine found 
some defects. 4. Having tested the new engine, the engineers continued to improve it.  
5. The engine tested showed perfect performance characteristics. 6. The road being built 
in our district will be opened for traffic next month. 7. The workers building the road 
use modern materials. 8. Having been built, the road was opened for traffic. 9. Having 
completed the road, they opened it for traffic. 10. The amount of water added influences 
the strength of concrete. 11. Having added more water, the inexperienced workers 
reduced the strength of concrete. 12. Adding water to the solution you should follow the 
instruction. 13. Being well designed, this road will function properly. 14. A well 
designed road will function properly. 15. Having been used for a long time, the road 
required reconstruction. 16. The results obtained showed that the tested materials were 
suitable. 17. Not all existing roads meet modern requirements. 18. Improving 
  89 
engineering standards designers should take into account the cost of the construction. 
19. Having used the most advanced equipment, they improved the road pavement. 
 
VI. Найдите в предложениях независимый причастный оборот. Переведите 
предложения, обращая внимание на разные способы перевода независимого 
причастного оборота. 
A. 1. The system having been tested, the safety and the car efficiency greatly increased. 
2. The laboratory having been provided with the necessary instruments, they could carry 
out the work successfully. 3. A new technique having been developed, the quality of 
construction work greatly increased. 4. The temperature being 100 degrees, water boiled 
quickly. 5. The experiment having been carried out, we started a new investigation.            
6. The road having been tested, it was opened for traffic. 7. New materials being widely 
used in road construction, the quality of the roads has been considerably increased.          
8. The speed remaining constant, the car will cover the distance in 2 hours.  
B. 1. In the steam engine the fuel burns slowly, the heat being used to generate steam.        
2. Such minerals may occur in some other places, the possibility of discovering them 
being limited to certain areas. 3. The scientist gave explanations of the observed facts, 
his report being accompanied by tables and diagrams. 4. All bodies in nature possess 
either potential or kinetic energy, most of them possessing both. 5. In the first test two 
samples were used, both of them having low conductivity. 6. A lot of new materials are 
used in construction currently, reinforced concrete being the most common. 7. Panel 
heating is a widespread heating method, its basic advantage being that of comfort. 
C. 1. The car moving with constant speed, the distance traveled is directly proportional 
to the time. 2. The most advanced equipment having been used, the road pavement was 
greatly improved. 3. Plans for building a house are made by an architect, a separate plan 
being drawn for each individual floor. 4. There being the danger of explosion, no gas 
can be used in the houses that have more than 12 storeys. 5. Reinforced concrete is 
widely used in building modern structures, the technique having become a routine 
practice. 6. The building profession is very popular nowadays, it being also well paid. 
  90 
5. 8. Герундий (The Gerund) 
 
5.8.1. Определение. 
Герундий – производный от глагола класс слов, имеющий свойства глагола и 
существительного.  
to build (V)  building 
строить строительство 
Building this power plant was absolutely necessary. 
Строительство этой электростанции было совершенно необходимо. 
They insist on building the power plant near the capital. 
Они настаивают на строительстве электростанции поблизости от 
столицы.  
 
5.8.2. Категории герундия. 
Герундий передаёт информацию о времени и залоге. Соответственно, 
имеются следующие формы герундия: 
         Voice  
Time     
Active Passive 
Indefinite building 
completing 
being built 
being completed 
Perfect having built 
having completed 
having been built 
having been completed 
 
Completing the project will improve the city skyline. 
Завершение этого проекта улучшит внешний вид города. 
By having completed the project we improve the city skyline. 
Завершив строительство, мы улучшим внешний вид города. 
He prefers being taught individually. 
Он предпочитает, чтобы его обучали индивидуально. 
  91 
5.8.3. Функции герундия в предложении. 
Таблица 29. Функция герундия в предложении 
Функция Пример Перевод 
Подлежащее 
(subject) 
Designing this concert hall 
was a challenge. 
Проектирование этого 
концертного зала 
представляло собой 
сложную задачу. 
Дополнение 
(object) 
We insist on your designing 
this concert hall. 
Мы настаиваем на том, что- 
бы вы спроектировали этот 
концертный зал. 
Определение 
(attribute) 
The idea of designing a new 
concert hall must be discussed 
at the next meeting. 
Идея спроектировать 
новый  концертный зал 
должна быть обсуждена на 
следующем собрании. 
Обстоятельство 
(adverbial modifier) 
By designing the city concert 
hall he proved that he was the 
best architect in the capital. 
Спроектировав городской 
концертный зал, он доказал, 
что является лучшим 
архитектором столицы. 
 
5.8.4. Герундий и другие -ing формы. 
Поскольку герундий имеет такое же окончание, как у существительного с 
окончанием –ing и у причастия I, то необходимо различать употребление этих 
трех омонимичных форм в предложении (см. таблицу 30). 
 
Упражнения 
I. Найдите предложения c герундием и переведите их на русский язык. 
1. Our professor likes discussing his experiments. 2. The scientist thanked them for 
being invited to the international conference. 3. The tradition of building tall buildings 
in the centre of a city is international. 4. The student was proud of having been invited 
  92 
Таблица 30. Ing-формы
Functions Noun Participle I Gerund 
Подлежа-
щее 
(Subject) 
The Administration building faces 
the river. – Административное 
здание выходит на реку. 
– Building is a profitable job nowadays. – 
Строительство/Строить сейчас 
является выгодной работой. 
Дополнение 
(Object) 
Look at that old building.–  
Взгляните на это старое здание. 
– The company prefers building houses. – 
Компания предпочитает строить 
дома. 
Часть сказу-
ем. (Part of a 
predicate) 
It is our Administration Building. – 
Это наше административное 
здание. 
Не is building a log house for 
his family. – Он строит для 
своей семьи бревенчатый дом. 
Our task is building a big tractor plant.–  
Наша задача – построить крупный 
тракторный завод. 
Определение 
(Attribute) 
 
The building design is up to date. – 
Проект здания современен. 
The workers building the 
stadium are from Finland.– 
Рабочие, строящие стадион, 
из Финляндии. 
The idea of building a new stadium was 
approved by the committee. – Идея 
построить новый стадион была 
одобрена комитетом. 
Обстоя-
тельство 
(Adverbial 
modifier) 
In the building there is a marble 
staircase. – В здании имеется 
мраморная лестница. 
Building his new house he used 
only high quality bricks.–   
Возводя свой новый дом, он 
использовал только 
высококачественный кирпич. 
By building up a detailed model of the 
process you can definitely facilitate the 
research. – Посредством создания 
подробной модели, определенно 
можно облегчить исследование. 
  93 
to the scientific conference. 5. He will not take part in the conference without being 
invited. 6. He remembers having been introduced to the well-known architect. 7. Our 
delegation got used to being introduced to the journalists. 8. You can’t present the 
report without introducing the results of your research. 9. The young engineer was 
surprised at having been given this position. 10. He understood the importance of being 
given this position. 11. The students have no difficulty in translating these sentences. 
12. The professor mentioned having read my report. 
II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий в функции: 
а) подлежащего  
1. Reinforcing concrete by steel makes it much stronger. 2. Heating a substance to high 
temperatures may change its properties. 3. Constructing tall buildings without modern 
building mechanisms is now impossible. 4. Boiling continued for as long as 80 hours.   
5. Balancing is done with special equipment. 6. Carrying out this task required much 
efforts and knowledge. 7. Reconstructing this road will require much time and money. 
8. Manufacturing the new engines started last year. 9. Discussing this problem allowed 
us to come to an important conclusion. 10. Working at a construction site helps to 
understand all stages of house construction. 
б) части сказуемого 
 1. The task of the assistant is controlling the temperature level.   2. Our main duty was 
gathering information for the research. 3. His favourite occupation is watching the 
house construction process. 4. The main idea was analyzing the phenomenon in natural 
conditions. 5. The purpose of this report is presenting the results of the research. 6. They 
finished installing the equipment some days ago. 7. The designer went on working at 
the residence house interior. 8. Next year our laboratory will start investigating the 
properties of new materials. 9. At this temperature concrete starts hardening. 10. In spite 
of the failure they continued experimenting.  
в) дополнения  
1. He remembers having added some water to the mixture. 2. Science requires 
experimenting. 3. The mechanic recommended checking tyres regularly for pressure.         
  94 
4. A driver should avoid carrying loose objects in his car. 5. I’d advise replacing the old 
cylinders. 6. They preferred using timber for construction purposes. 7. What apparatus 
do we use for measuring air pressure? 8. They insisted on the second question being 
reconsidered. 9. The very first efforts of our ancestors were aimed at obtaining shelter. 
10. The use of fine tools resulted in developing building methods. 11. It is possible to 
set up power stations based on utilizing the heat of the Sun. 12. Drivers are warned 
against exceeding the speed limit. 13. Our efforts are directed towards improving the 
material quality. 
г) определения  
1. Every student understands the importance of learning foreign languages. 2. At the 
meeting they discussed different ways of improving their work. 3. Our scientists try to 
find new possibilities for applying atomic energy. 4. High temperature resistance is the 
main reason for choosing this substance. 5. There remains the problem of obtaining 
accurate measurements during the experiment. 6. The usual means of identifying 
temperature parameters is not available under these conditions. 7. His research is 
restricted to ways and means of measuring the surface area. 8. A discussion on applying 
this method was not over. 9. The accident may be considered as a result of overloading. 
10. The technique of determining the material purity can be made a subject of detailed 
discussion. 
д) обстоятельства  
1. After cooling the substance to 20 degrees, he registered a pressure drop to 25 atm.    
2. The mineral tended to turn white on drying. 3. On finding out that the apparatus was 
working badly, they delayed the experiment. 4. This technique can be applied in 
building power stations. 5. Before carrying out the research the substance must be 
purified. 6. After placing the concrete was compacted with vibrators. 7. Metals cannot 
be dissolved without being changed into new substances. 8. In spite of having met 
failure they continued experimenting. 9. After adding water concrete must be well 
mixed. 10. Without being subjected to special treatment rubber cannot be extensively 
used. 
  95 
III. Найдите в предложениях герундий, oпределите его форму и функцию. 
Переведите предложения. 
1. Instead of restoring the old motorway they decided to build a new one. 2. The method 
has a disadvantage of being relatively expensive. 3. Cutting stones and timber became 
possible with the invention of tools. 4. Up-to-date building is based upon using 
industrial methods of work. 5. The workers were busy assembling the apparatus. 6. In 
lifting large structural elements use is made of gantry cranes. 7. Good drainage gives a 
possibility of removing water off the road surface. 8. A special liquid is used for cooling 
the engine. 9. Although they obtained negative results they didn’t give up improving the 
method. 10. On being heated, these salts decompose. 11. They could not afford carrying 
out another unsuccessful experiment. 12. By avoiding this particular disadvantage we 
greatly improve the structural safety. 13. The opposite method is assembling large 
prefabricated structures at the site. 14. In planning an industrial enterprise the financial 
aspect is of prime significance. 15. In addition to carrying out installation work, our 
specialists will also give assistance in starting the atomic reactor. 16. They have worked 
for three years with a view to improving the quality of the ventilation system. 
 
VI. Определите, является ли слово с окончанием –ing герундием или причастием. 
Предложения переведите. 
1. Investigating the properties of different aggregates has led to important theories 
concerning the concrete nature. 2. Investigating the properties of different materials they 
formulated some important theories concerning the concrete nature. 3. Placing concrete 
can be carried out with or without vibrators. 4. Placing concrete the workers often use 
vibrators. 5. Before solving this problem it is desirable to consider the available data.   
6. While solving this problem the scientists considered the available data. 7. The 
scientists solving this problem considered the available data. 8. The scientists 
considered different ways of solving the problem. 9. It was impossible to postpone 
testing the new engine before the exhibition. 10. Testing the new engine before the 
exhibition they found out some drawbacks.  
  96 
5. 9. Неопределённая форма глагола или инфинитив (The Infinitive) 
5.9.1. Определение. 
Инфинитив – неличная форма глагола, имеющая свойства глагола и 
существительного. Как правило, имеет показатель “to”: 
to obtain – получать,   to demonstrate – показывать 
5.9.2. Формы инфинитива.  
 Active Passive  
Indefinite to ask  to be asked  
Continuous  to be asking  -  
Perfect  to have asked  to have been asked  
 
Таблица 31. Функции инфинитива в предложении 
Функция Пример Перевод 
Подлежащее 
(subject) 
To discuss this problem is very 
important.  
It was very difficult to discuss 
this problem. 
Обсудить эту проблему 
очень важно. 
Было очень сложно 
обсуждать эту проблему. 
Часть 
сказуемого 
(part of a 
predicate) 
We can discuss this problem.  
 
Our aim is to discuss this 
problem. 
Мы можем обсудить эту 
проблему.  
Наша цель – обсудить 
эту проблему. 
Дополнение 
(object) 
We want to discuss this problem 
now.  
Мы хотим обсудить эту 
проблему сейчас. 
Определение 
(attribute) 
The problem to be discussed at the 
conference is one of the most 
difficult.  
Проблема, которую 
собираются обсудить на 
конференции, одна из 
самых сложных. 
Обстоятельство 
(adverbial 
modifier) 
(In order)To discuss this problem 
we must invite an expert. 
Чтобы обсудить эту 
проблему, мы должны 
пригласить эксперта. 
  97 
5.9.3. Сложные дополнения (Complex Object) 
Дополнение в предложении бывает 3 типов: 
1. Простое дополнение, выраженное существительным или местоимением. 
I want a new car.    
Я хочу новую машину.  
He understands me.  
Он понимает меня. 
2. Простое дополнение, выраженное глаголом в форме Infinitive. 
I want to study English. 
Я хочу изучать английский язык. 
3. Сложное дополнение, выраженное существительным (или местоимением в 
объектном падеже) и глаголом в форме Infinitive. 
I want my daughter to study English. 
Я хочу, чтобы моя дочь изучала английский язык. 
I want him to speak English. 
Я хочу, чтобы он говорил по-английски. 
Сложное дополнение (или «объектный падеж с инфинитивом») употребляется 
после глаголов, выражающих: 
- желание (to want, to wish, to like) 
I wish my elder son to be an engineer. 
Я хочу, чтобы мой старший сын стал инженером. 
- знание, предположение (to know, to suppose, to expect, to consider) 
We know metals to conduct electricity. 
Мы знаем, что металлы проводят электричество. 
I expect them to pass the exam in time. 
Я ожидаю, что они своевременно сдадут экзамены. 
- констатацию факта (to find, to note, to state) 
I found them to be experts in economics. 
Я обнаружил, что они хорошо разбираются в экономике. 
  98 
-физическое восприятие (to watch, to feel, to hear, to see) 
The students heard their professor deliver his report at the    
conference. 
Студенты слышали, как их преподаватель делал доклад на 
конференции. 
Примечание: В обороте, следующем за глаголами физического восприятия, 
инфинитив употребляется без частицы «to». 
В конструкции «Сложное дополнение» могут использоваться все формы 
инфинитива: 
I suppose her to translate well. 
Я полагаю, что она хорошо переводит. 
I suppose her to be translating the article now. 
Я полагаю, что она сейчас переводит статью. 
I suppose her to have translated the article. 
Я полагаю, что она уже перевела статью. 
 
5.9.4. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) 
Инфинитивный оборот Complex Subject – это механизм представления 
информации двух простых предложений в пределах одного предложения. 
                      Minsk is a modern city. 
                      It is said by everyone. 
                      Минск – это современный город. 
                      Так говорят все. 
 
Minsk is said to be a modern city. 
Минск, как говорят, современный город./ 
Говорят, что Минск – современный город. 
Можно выделить 3 типа предложений с оборотом Complex 
Subject (см. табл. 32).  
  99 
Таблица 32.  Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) 
Тип I Тип II Тип III 
is/ are said to 
                     как говорят 
is/are considered to 
                    как считают 
is/are thought/ believed to 
                     как думают 
is/are known to 
                    как известно 
appeared to  
happened to  как оказалось 
proved to 
seems to         кажется                                          
is certain/is sure to 
                безусловно 
 
is likely to
                     вероятно 
 
is unlikely to 
            маловероятно 
The technical university is 
said to be the largest 
university in Belarus. 
Технический университет, 
как говорят, является 
крупнейшим в Беларуси. 
The Power Department is 
reported to be moving to a 
new building. 
Энергетический 
факультет, как 
сообщают, переезжает в 
новое здание. 
They are known to have 
passed all the exams. 
Они, как известно, сдали 
все экзамены. 
English appeared to be an 
interesting subject. 
Английский оказался 
интересным предметом. 
The monitor proved to be a 
reliable person. 
Староста оказался 
ответственным 
человеком. 
They happened to be taking 
an English exam in room 
736. 
Оказалось, что они сдают 
экзамен в аудитории 736. 
The system seems to work 
well. 
Система, кажется, 
хорошо функционирует. 
My friend is certain 
to become a good 
architect. 
Мой друг, 
безусловно, станет 
хорошим 
архитектором. 
The exam is likely to 
be difficult. 
Экзамен, вероятно, 
будет сложным. 
The lecturer is 
unlikely to be late. 
Маловероятно, что 
лектор опоздает. 
  100
Упражнения 
I. Переведите предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию 
подлежащего. Измените предложения по образцу. 
Model: To drive a car in a big city is difficult. →  
 It is difficult to drive a car in a big city. 
1. To use local materials is cheaper when constructing a road.  2. To take into account the 
properties of natural materials is necessary. 3. To develop new methods of construction 
took many years. 4. To speed up construction is impossible without modern equipment. 
5. To repair the old school building was necessary as soon as possible. 6. To use new 
sources of energy is absolutely vital for the mankind. 7. To read articles in scientific 
journals is useful. 8. To know at least one foreign language is necessary. 9. To solve 
this complicated problem is interesting. 10. To develop new kinds of building materials 
is important. 
II. Переведите предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию 
части сказуемого. 
1. Our principal task is to become good engineers. 2. Today chemists are to find new 
methods of polymer synthesis. 3. You will have to repeat the material of the lecture before 
the exam. 4. The road from the airport to the city is to be reconstructed. 5. The experiment 
was to be carried out yesterday. 6. The difficulty was to transport the material to badly 
accessible parts of the country.  7. The purpose of an engineer is to consider all the 
factors in building any structure.  8. The main task is to reduce the cost of building 
operations. 9. They had to remove a thick layer of sand before they started the construction. 
10. The purpose of this test is to check traffic intensity on individual road sections.        
11. The collected samples are to be sent to the laboratory for examination. 12. Their aim was 
to complete the road reconstruction as soon as possible. 
III. Переведите  предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию 
дополнения. 
1. Some students want to continue their education after the University. 2. They 
intended to carry out this test in an hour. 3. The best scientists of the country were 
  101 
asked to take part in this research. 4. They suppose to improve the comfort of 
passengers. 5. He hoped to enter the Technical University. 6.  The company promised to 
complete the construction in time. 7. The architect asked to change the construction site. 
8. The professor demanded to improve the engine. 9. The students wanted to pass the 
exam successfully. 10. The mechanic was told to repair the car brake system. 11. They 
wanted to furnish the laboratory with up-to-date equipment. 12. Everybody likes to have 
some rest after hard work. 
IV. Переведите предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию 
обстоятельства: 
1. To produce suitable paving material all impurities have to be removed. 2. We had to use 
some lorries in order to bring bricks to the site. 3. They will need more concrete so as to 
finish the construction. 4. To begin the construction of the bridge they carried out a 
great amount of preliminary work. 5. This method is not tested enough to be used 
everywhere. 6. To change the project the engineers will have to do much work. 7. A new 
comfortable coach was developed to transport people over long distances. 8. In order to 
overcome this difficulty various means were tried. 9. This material is too brittle to be 
used in construction. 10. To solve this problem we need new methods of measurement. 
11. In order to define the compound composition, some special procedures should be 
performed. 12. A specially constructed device is employed to assure the highest 
possible accuracy of processing. 
V. Переведите предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию 
определения: 
1. These are traffic rules to be remembered. 2. The engine to be installed in this car is very 
powerful. 3. He got the instructions to be followed. 4. There is a report about an 
exhibition to be opened next week. 5. He got a sample of the mix to be analyzed in the 
laboratory. 6. We had a new problem to be solved within a month. 7. They obtained the 
results of the tests to be taken into account. 8. The theory to be considered at the next 
conference is revolutionary. 9. The substance properties to be determined are of great 
importance for our research. 10. The bridge to be constructed is very important for the 
  102
local community. 11. A new skyscraper to be constructed in Moscow will be the highest 
in the world. 12. A new device to be used in the experiment is very accurate. 13. The 
engineers were given a complicated task to be carried out. 14. The scientist needed more 
information to be added to his research. 15. The problem to be solved is essential for 
our future work. 
VI. Выпишите и переведите предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет 
функцию: 
а) подлежащего; б) части сказуемого; в) обстоятельства; г) определения; 
1. The road surface to be repaired was destroyed many years ago by heavy vehicles.     
2. To repair the main road surface the most advanced equipment should be used. 3. It is 
absolutely necessary to repair the main road surface as soon as possible.  4. The most 
complicated task was to repair the main road surface as soon as possible. 5.  All samples 
to be tested were brought from different parts of the country. 6. These samples were 
brought from different parts of the country to be tested in our laboratory. 7. To test 
samples from different parts of the country was impossible in our laboratory. 8. The 
main task of our laboratory was to test samples from different parts of the country.       
9. We were asked to test samples from different parts of the country. 10. To speed up 
construction work modern methods should be used. 11. The main task of modern 
methods is to speed up the construction process. 12. It is necessary to speed up the 
construction by means of modern methods.  
VII. Найдите в предложениях инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение). 
Обратите внимание на перевод таких конструкций. 
1. This method enabled the designing process to be simplified. 2. They wanted us to tell them 
about the results of our experiment. 3. Everybody knows James Watt to have invented the steam 
engine. 4. I want him to help me with my report on road construction. 5. This control system 
permits the engine of the car to run at its most efficient speed. 6. I know him to have been 
working at this problem for a long time. 7. The chief engineer allowed the new engine to be 
tested. 8. This building equipment permitted some additional costs to be lowered. 9. Modern 
discoveries allow science and engineering to develop rapidly. 10. One cannot expect 
  103 
the problem of using solar energy to be solved in a year or two. 11. We expected our 
scientists to find new sources of energy. 12. Everybody wanted the construction of the 
new stadium to be completed in time. 
 
VIII. Измените предложения по образцу, используя инфинитивный оборот. 
Model:  They want to stop the experiment.→  
They want the experiment to be stopped.  
Everybody knows that he was the best student.→ 
Everybody knows him to have been the best student.  
1. We hoped that our project would win the first prize. 2. Everyone knows that concrete 
is widely used in house building. 3. We thought that the concrete quality was suitable.               
4. I suppose that they took part in the expedition. 5.  The commission found that the 
safety system was reliable. 6. We know that the students take exams in June. 7. We 
suppose that they are making an experiment. 8. Everybody expects that they will install 
a new ventilation system next year. 9. They state that the road has been reconstructed. 
10. I believe that his ideas influenced physics of that time. 11. The teacher expected that 
the students would do the task. 12. We heard that he had conducted the experiment well. 
IX. Найдите в предложениях инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащее). 
Обратите внимание на перевод таких конструкций. 
A) 1. The building is known to be the highest in the city. 2. The building is known to have 
been the highest in the world. 3. Traffic safety is said to be one of the major important 
problems for all countries. 4. The road was supposed to be repaired in some months. 5. The 
road is supposed to have been repaired. 6. He was said to have been experimenting with 
dangerous substances. 7. His discovery was believed to have opened new possibilities in 
chemistry. 8. Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by fire. 9. The car 
design is said to have been improved. 10. The car design is expected to be improved.    
11. The construction of the bridge was announced to be completed in May. 12. The 
construction of the bridge is announced to have been completed. 
B)  1. He seems to know nothing about new construction materials. 2. He appears to work 
much at the development of the new material quality. 3. The engineer proved to be an 
  104
experienced designer. 4. The house appeared to have been built in the 19th century. 5. His 
knowledge of the subject proved to be both deep and many-sided. 6. He doesn’t seem to have 
been upset by his failure. 7. The results of his measurements happened to be wrong. 8. The 
offer seems to have made no impression on him. 9. The task appeared to be too complicated 
for the students. 
C) 1. The application of this material is likely to give better results. 2. The scientist is certain 
to make a great discovery. 3. The engine’s capacity is unlikely to be increased. 4. This alloy 
is certain to improve the strength of the structure. 5. The student is sure to pass his exams.    
6. His report is likely to attract much attention at the conference. 7. The new method is 
unlikely to be used in industry soon. 8. Modernization of the boiler is certain to have 
increased the efficiency of the heating system. 9. Central heating is sure to be the most 
common for our cities. 
 
X. Измените предложения по образцу, используя инфинитивный оборот 
(Сложное подлежащее). 
Model: It is known that the plant produces prefabricated structures.→ 
The plant is known to produce prefabricated structures.  
It is said that the power plant was constructed in 1983 → 
The power plant is said to have been constructed in 1983. 
1. It is reported that he designed the longest bridge in his country. 2. It is considered that 
reinforced concrete is the most common material in construction. 3. It is announced that 
the motorway has been reconstructed. 4. It is unlikely that the engine test was a success. 
5. It seems that the construction is coming to the end. 6. It is known that solar batteries 
convert the sun rays into electric energy. 7. It appears that the aluminum shows 
considerable resistance to corrosion. 8. It is certain that synthetic fibres make steel 
harder. 9. It is known that he won the Nobel Prize in 1998. 10. It is reported that the 
gasification of the region has been completed. 11. It is likely that applying plastics made 
the whole structure lighter. 
 
  105 
Приложение 1. Основные формы нестандартных глаголов 
 
Indefinite stem Past Indefinite Participle II Перевод 
be 
break 
beat 
begin 
bring 
build 
burn 
buy 
choose 
come 
deal 
do 
draw 
drive 
fall 
feel 
find 
get 
give 
go 
grow 
have 
hear 
hold 
keep 
know 
lay 
was, were  
broke  
beat 
began 
brought 
built 
burnt 
bought 
chose 
came 
dealt 
did 
drew 
drove 
fell 
felt 
found 
got 
gave 
went 
grew 
had 
heard 
held 
kept 
knew 
laid 
been 
broken  
beaten 
begun 
brought 
built 
burnt 
bought 
chosen 
come 
dealt 
done 
drawn 
driven 
fallen 
felt 
found 
got 
given  
gone  
grown  
had 
heard 
held  
kept 
known 
 laid 
быть 
ломать 
бить 
начинать 
приносить 
строить 
сжигать 
покупать 
выбирать 
приходить 
иметь дело 
делать 
тащить 
ехать 
падать 
чувствовать 
находить 
получать  
давать 
идти 
расти 
иметь 
слышать 
держать 
хранить 
знать 
класть 
  106
Indefinite stem Past Indefinite Participle II Перевод 
lead 
learn 
leave 
let 
lose 
make 
 meet 
 pay 
 put 
 read 
 ring 
 rise 
 run 
 say 
 see 
 send 
 show 
 speak 
 spend 
 take 
 teach 
 tell 
 think 
 throw 
 understand 
 wear 
 win 
 write 
led 
learnt 
left 
let 
lost 
made 
 met 
 paid 
 put 
 read 
 rang 
 rose 
 ran 
 said 
 saw 
 sent 
 showed 
 spoke 
 spent 
 took 
 taught 
 told 
 thought 
 threw 
 understood 
 wore 
 won 
 wrote 
led 
learnt 
left 
let 
lost 
made 
 met 
 paid 
 put 
 read 
 rung 
 risen 
 run 
 said 
 seen 
 sent 
 shown 
 spoken 
 spent 
 taken 
 taught 
 told 
 thought 
 thrown 
 understood 
 worn 
 won 
 written 
вести 
учить(ся) 
оставлять 
позволять 
терять 
делать 
 встречать 
 платить 
 класть 
 читать 
 звонить 
 подниматься 
 бежать 
 сказать 
 видеть 
 посылать 
 показывать 
 говорить 
 тратить 
 брать 
 обучать 
 говорить 
 думать 
 бросать 
 понимать 
 носить 
 побеждать 
 писать 
  107 
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ 
I. Синтаксис………………………………………………….… 3 
  
Простое предложение………………………………………………….... 3 
Конструкция “There + to be”…………………………………………..... 14 
Безличные предложения………………………………………………... 14 
Неопределенно-личные предложения……………………………….… 15 
Эмфатические (усилительные) предложения……………………….… 15 
Сложные предложения………………………………………………….. 17 
Сложносочиненные предложения ……………………………………... 17 
Сложноподчинённые предложения……………………………………. 17 
Бессоюзное  подчинение………………………………………………... 20 
Условные предложения (Conditionals)…………………………………. 20 
  
II. Морфология………………………………………………… 26 
  
Существительное (The Noun)…………………………………………... 28 
Местоимение (The Pronoun)…………………………………………….... 40 
Прилагательное (The Adjective)………………………………………… 48 
Числительное (The Numerals)…………………………………………... 54 
Глагол (The Verb)………………………………………………………... 58 
Система английских времён (активный залог)………………………………….. 59 
Страдательный залог...................................................................................... 68 
Многофункциональные глаголы................................................................... 73 
Модальные глаголы........................................................................................ 78 
Причастие (The Participle).............................................................................. 82 
Герундий (The Gerund)................................................................................... 90 
Неопределённая форма глагола или инфинитив (The Infinitive)............... 96 
Приложение 1. Основные формы нестандартных глаголов.............. 105 
Содержание.................................................................................. 107